The increasingly prominent role of the Internet in the lives of Americans has resulted in more people coming into contact with various types of online content, including online hate material. One of the most common forms of online hate targets immigrants, seeking to position immigrants as threats to personal, national, economic, and cultural security. Given the recent rise in online hate targeting immigrants, this study examines factors that bring individuals into virtual contact with such material. Utilizing recently collected online survey data of American youth and young adults, we draw on insights from Routine Activity Theory and Social Structure-Social Learning Theory to understand exposure to anti-immigrant online hate material. Specifically, we consider how online routines, location in social structure, and social identity are associated with exposure. Results indicate that engaging in behaviors that can increase proximity to motivated offenders increases the likelihood of being exposed to anti-immigrant hate, as does engaging in online behaviors that bolster one's target suitability. Additionally, individuals who view Americanism as fundamental to their social identity are more apt to encounter anti-immigrant hate material on the Internet, as are those who are more dissatisfied with the current direction of the country.

互联网在美国人生活中日益突出的作用导致越来越多的人接触到各种类型的在线内容，包括在线仇恨材料。最常见的网络仇恨形式之一针对移民，试图将移民定位为对个人、国家、经济和文化安全的威胁。鉴于最近针对移民的在线仇恨有所上升，本研究调查了使个人与此类材料进行虚拟接触的因素。利用最近收集的美国青年和年轻人的在线调查数据，我们利用日常活动理论和社会结构-社会学习理论的见解来了解反移民在线仇恨材料的暴露情况。具体而言，我们考虑了在线惯例、社会结构中的位置、和社会认同与暴露有关。结果表明，参与可以增加与动机犯罪者的接近度的行为会增加遭受反移民仇恨的可能性，参与支持目标适用性的在线行为也是如此。此外，将美国主义视为其社会身份基础的个人更容易在互联网上遇到反移民的仇恨材料，那些对国家当前方向更不满意的人也是如此。