Abstract

Insights into T cell form, function, and dysfunction are rapidly evolving. T cells have remarkably varied effector functions including protecting the host from infection, activating cells of the innate immune system, releasing cytokines and chemokines, and heavily contributing to immunological memory. Under healthy conditions, T cells orchestrate a finely tuned attack on invading pathogens while minimizing damage to the host. The dark side of T cells is that they also exhibit autoreactivity and inflict harm to host cells, creating autoimmunity. The mechanisms of T cell autoreactivity are complex and dynamic. Emerging research is elucidating the mechanisms leading T cells to become autoreactive and how such responses cause or contribute to diverse disease states, both peripherally and within the central nervous system. This review provides foundational information on T cell development, differentiation, and functions. Key T cell subtypes, cytokines that create their effector roles, and sex differences are highlighted. Pathological T cell contributions to diverse peripheral and central disease states, arising from errors in reactivity, are highlighted, with a focus on multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, and type 1 diabetes.

 抽象的

对 T 细胞形式、功能和功能障碍的见解正在迅速发展。 T 细胞具有显着不同的效应功能，包括保护宿主免受感染、激活先天免疫系统的细胞、释放细胞因子和趋化因子，以及对免疫记忆做出重大贡献。在健康条件下，T 细胞精心策划对入侵病原体的攻击，同时最大限度地减少对宿主的损害。 T 细胞的阴暗面是它们也表现出自身反应性并对宿主细胞造成伤害，从而产生自身免疫。 T 细胞自身反应的机制是复杂且动态的。新兴研究正在阐明导致 T 细胞发生自身反应的机制，以及这种反应如何导致或促成外周和中枢神经系统内的多种疾病状态。这篇综述提供了有关 T 细胞发育、分化和功能的基础信息。重点介绍了关键的 T 细胞亚型、产生效应器作用的细胞因子以及性别差异。强调了由反应错误引起的病理性 T 细胞对多种外周和中枢疾病状态的贡献，重点关注多发性硬化症、类风湿性关节炎、骨关节炎、神经性疼痛和 1 型糖尿病。