This paper introduces the modelling foundations to study the fast frequency response (FFR) from utility-scale hydrogen electrolyzers (HEs). Specifically, we propose a dynamic model of the HE electrolysis stack, power-electronics interface, and downstream hydrogen process operational constraints, which is suitable for system-level frequency dynamics studies. We then model and study HE FFR dependency on pre-contingency operating point, size, converter's overloading capability, network location, and active power-frequency controller. Different case studies are run on the Australian multi-area test system via dynamic simulations of a 2030 scenario with 50% renewables and in the context of the August 2018 separation event. Our modelling and results illustrate how grid-scale HEs could support a more secure and resilient operation of low-carbon systems for both credible and extreme outages and the role of different design setups and operating conditions and constraints.

中文翻译：

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公用事业规模氢电解槽的快速频率响应


本文介绍了研究公用事业规模氢电解槽 (HE) 的快速频率响应 (FFR) 的建模基础。具体来说，我们提出了 HE 电解堆、电力电子接口和下游氢工艺操作约束的动态模型，该模型适用于系统级频率动力学研究。然后，我们对 HE FFR 对预应急工作点、尺寸、转换器的过载能力、网络位置和有源工频控制器的依赖性进行建模和研究。在 2018 年 8 月分离事件的背景下，通过动态模拟 2030 年可再生能源占比 50% 的场景，在澳大利亚多区域测试系统上进行了不同的案例研究。我们的建模和结果说明了电网规模的 HE 如何支持低碳系统更安全、更有弹性的运行，以应对可信和极端的停电，以及不同设计设置、运行条件和约束的作用。