The cytoskeleton plays important roles in many essential processes at the cellular and organismal levels, including cell migration and motility, cell division, and the establishment and maintenance of cell and tissue architecture. In order to facilitate these varied functions, the main cytoskeletal components—microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments—must form highly diverse intracellular arrays in different subcellular areas and cell types. The question of how this diversity is conferred has been the focus of research for decades. One key mechanism is the addition of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to the major cytoskeletal proteins. This posttranslational addition of various chemical groups dramatically increases the complexity of the cytoskeletal proteome and helps facilitate major global and local cytoskeletal functions. Cytoskeletal proteins undergo many PTMs, most of which are not well understood. Recent technological advances in proteomics and cell biology have allowed for the in-depth study of individual PTMs and their functions in the cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview of the major PTMs that occur on the main structural components of the three cytoskeletal systems—tubulin, actin, and intermediate filament proteins—and highlight the cellular function of these modifications.

中文翻译：

---

细胞骨架的翻译后修饰

细胞骨架在细胞和有机体水平的许多基本过程中发挥着重要作用，包括细胞迁移和运动、细胞分裂以及细胞和组织结构的建立和维持。为了促进这些不同的功能，主要的细胞骨架成分——微管、肌动蛋白丝和中间丝——必须在不同的亚细胞区域和细胞类型中形成高度多样化的细胞内阵列。几十年来，如何赋予这种多样性的问题一直是研究的焦点。一种关键机制是向主要细胞骨架蛋白添加翻译后修饰 (PTM)。这种翻译后添加的各种化学基团显着增加了细胞骨架蛋白质组的复杂性，并有助于促进主要的全球和局部细胞骨架功能。细胞骨架蛋白经历了许多 PTM，其中大部分还没有被很好地理解。蛋白质组学和细胞生物学的最新技术进步允许深入研究单个 PTM 及其在细胞骨架中的功能。在这里，我们概述了发生在三个细胞骨架系统的主要结构成分（微管蛋白、肌动蛋白和中间丝蛋白）上的主要 PTM，并强调了这些修饰的细胞功能。