This study address historical legacy of South Africa that has dual economies resembling low and high income beef sectors. Low-income herds are farmed mainly under communal village or land reform farms. The study focused on providing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to the low-income sector including finding challenges to its implementation and adoption. The study was conducted in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces using mixed methods that looked at cows and sectors stakeholders. Data collected and evaluated on cows included breed type, frame size, body condition, age parity, and lactation status. Cows were exposed to ART through synchronisation, oestrus detection, fixed time artificial insemination and pregnancy diagnosis. Qualitative data was collected to study perception of key stakeholders on ART implementation and adoption. Chi-Square Test was computed to determine the association among cow factors. Qualitative data was collected, coded and managed into themes using Nvivo Version 11. Themes that emerged were interpreted using critical social and systems thinking. Conception rate was not independent of provinces (P < 0.05), cow body condition score (BCS) and body frame size. KwaZulu-Natal cows had the highest conception rate at 66% (P < 0.05) than Limpopo (44%) and Mpumalanga (60%) provinces. Cows with a BCS higher than 3.5 had higher conception rate (P < 0.05) than those with BCS of less than 2.5 and 3. Interestingly, large framed cow size had higher conception rate than medium and small framed (P < 0.05) cows. The study achieved a 100% calf survival rate. Calving rate was influenced by body BCS, province and district (P < 0.05). Calving rate of 58% in Mpumalanga and 54% in KwaZulu-Natal was higher than that recorded in Limpopo at 36% (P < 0.05). Interestingly, cows with BCS of less than 2.5 had a higher calving rate than those with a higher body condition score of 3 (P < 0.05). Perception study results revealed many factors that could affect the adoption and implementation of ART in the study areas. The high success rate and above average reproductive performance led to North West and KwaZulu-Natal provinces adopting ART as part of their low-income beef sector support.

中文翻译：

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南非低收入牛肉农民获得生殖技术的机会

本研究探讨了南非的历史遗产，该国拥有类似于低收入和高收入牛肉部门的双重经济。低收入牛群主要在社区村或土地改革农场下养殖。该研究的重点是向低收入部门提供辅助生殖技术 (ART)，包括寻找其实施和采用方面的挑战。该研究是在林波波省、姆普马兰加省和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省进行的，使用混合方法研究奶牛和部门利益相关者。收集和评估的奶牛数据包括品种类型、体格大小、身体状况、年龄胎次和泌乳状况。奶牛通过同步、发情检测、固定时间人工授精和妊娠诊断暴露于ART。收集定性数据以研究关键利益相关者对 ART 实施和采用的看法。计算卡方检验以确定奶牛因素之间的关联。使用 Nvivo 版本 11 收集、编码和管理定性数据到主题中。使用批判性社会和系统思维来解释出现的主题。受胎率与省份（P < 0.05）、奶牛体况评分（BCS）和体格大小无关。夸祖鲁-纳塔尔奶牛的受孕率最高，为 66% (P < 0.05)，高于林波波省 (44%) 和普马兰加省 (60%)。BCS 高于 3.5 的奶牛比 BCS 低于 2.5 和 3 的奶牛具有更高的受孕率（P < 0.05）。有趣的是，大体型母牛的受孕率高于中型和小型（P < 0.05）奶牛。该研究实现了 100% 的小牛存活率。产犊率受身体BCS、省和地区的影响（P < 0.05）。普马兰加省 58% 和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省 54% 的产犊率高于林波波省的 36%（P < 0.05）。有趣的是，BCS 低于 2.5 的奶牛比身体状况评分较高的 3 奶牛的产犊率更高（P < 0.05）。感知研究结果揭示了许多可能影响研究领域采用和实施 ART 的因素。高成功率和高于平均水平的繁殖性能导致西北和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省采用 ART 作为其低收入牛肉部门支持的一部分。普马兰加省 58% 和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省 54% 的产犊率高于林波波省的 36%（P < 0.05）。有趣的是，BCS 低于 2.5 的奶牛比身体状况评分较高的 3 奶牛的产犊率更高（P < 0.05）。感知研究结果揭示了许多可能影响研究领域采用和实施 ART 的因素。高成功率和高于平均水平的繁殖性能导致西北和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省采用 ART 作为其低收入牛肉部门支持的一部分。普马兰加省 58% 和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省 54% 的产犊率高于林波波省的 36%（P < 0.05）。有趣的是，BCS 低于 2.5 的奶牛比身体状况评分较高的 3 奶牛的产犊率更高（P < 0.05）。感知研究结果揭示了许多可能影响研究领域采用和实施 ART 的因素。高成功率和高于平均水平的繁殖性能导致西北和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省采用 ART 作为其低收入牛肉部门支持的一部分。