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Reservoir Quality Assessment of the Upper Permian Chhidru Formation, Salt and Surghar Ranges, Pakistan
Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.14764 Muhammad ZAHIR 1 , Muhammad AWAIS 2 , Mukhtiar GHANI 3 , Mohibullah MOHIBULLAH 4 , Osmans HERSI 5 , Irfan U. JAN 6 , Sajjad AHMAD 7 , Hamid IQBAL 8
Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1755-6724.14764 Muhammad ZAHIR 1 , Muhammad AWAIS 2 , Mukhtiar GHANI 3 , Mohibullah MOHIBULLAH 4 , Osmans HERSI 5 , Irfan U. JAN 6 , Sajjad AHMAD 7 , Hamid IQBAL 8
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The Late Permian succession of the Upper Indus Basin in northeastern Pakistan is represented by the carbonate-dominated Zaluch Group, which consists of the Amb, Wargal and Chhidru formations, which accumulated on the southwestern shelf of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, north of the hydrocarbon-producing Permian strata of the Arabian Peninsula. The reservoir properties of the mixed clastic-carbonate Chhidru Formation (CFm) are evaluated based on petrography, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The diagenetic features are recognized, ranging from marine (isopachous fibrous calcite, micrite), through meteoric (blocky calcite-I, neomorphism and dissolution) to burial (poikilotopic cement, blocky calcite-II-III, fractures, fracture-filling, and stylolites). Major porosity types include fracture and moldic, while inter- and intra-particle porosities also exist. Observed visual porosity ranges from 1.5%–7.14% with an average of 5.15%. The sandstone facies (CMF-4) has the highest average porosity of 10.7%, whereas the siliciclastic grainstone microfacies (CMF-3) shows an average porosity of 5.3%. The siliciclastic mudstone microfacies (CMF-1) and siliciclastic wacke-packestone microfacies (CMF-2) show the lowest porosities of 4.8% and 5.0%, respectively. Diagenetic processes like cementation, neomorphism, stylolitization and compaction have reduced the primary porosities; however, processes of dissolution and fracturing have produced secondary porosity. On average, the CFm in the Nammal Gorge, Salt Range shows promise and at Gula Khel Gorge, Trans-Indus, the lowest porosity.
中文翻译：
巴基斯坦上二叠统 Chhidru 组、盐和 Surghar 山脉的储层质量评估
巴基斯坦东北部上印度河盆地晚二叠纪层序以碳酸盐为主的 Zaluch 组为代表，该组由 Amb、Wargal 和 Chhidru 组组成，堆积在油气以北的古特提斯洋西南陆架上- 阿拉伯半岛的二叠纪地层。基于岩相学，使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX) 和 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 技术评估混合碎屑碳酸盐 Chhidru 组 (CFm) 的储层特性。成岩特征得到认可，从海相（等高丝纤维方解石、泥晶石）到大气（块状方解石-I、新形态和溶解）到埋藏（异形胶结物、块状方解石-II-III、裂缝、裂缝充填和针线石） ）。主要孔隙类型包括裂缝和铸模，同时也存在颗粒间和颗粒内孔隙。观察到的视觉孔隙度范围为 1.5% 至 7.14%，平均为 5.15%。砂岩相（CMF-4）的平均孔隙度最高，为 10.7%，而硅质碎屑颗粒岩微相（CMF-3）的平均孔隙度为 5.3%。硅质碎屑泥岩微相（CMF-1）和硅质碎屑泥岩微相（CMF-2）孔隙度最低，分别为4.8%和5.0%。胶结作用、新形作用、针线化作用和压实作用等成岩作用降低了原生孔隙度；然而，溶解和压裂过程产生了次生孔隙。平均而言，Nammal Gorge、Salt Range 的 CFm 显示出希望，而在 Trans-Indus 的 Gula Khel 峡谷，孔隙度最低。
更新日期：2021-06-21
中文翻译：
巴基斯坦上二叠统 Chhidru 组、盐和 Surghar 山脉的储层质量评估
巴基斯坦东北部上印度河盆地晚二叠纪层序以碳酸盐为主的 Zaluch 组为代表，该组由 Amb、Wargal 和 Chhidru 组组成，堆积在油气以北的古特提斯洋西南陆架上- 阿拉伯半岛的二叠纪地层。基于岩相学，使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX) 和 X 射线衍射 (XRD) 技术评估混合碎屑碳酸盐 Chhidru 组 (CFm) 的储层特性。成岩特征得到认可，从海相（等高丝纤维方解石、泥晶石）到大气（块状方解石-I、新形态和溶解）到埋藏（异形胶结物、块状方解石-II-III、裂缝、裂缝充填和针线石） ）。主要孔隙类型包括裂缝和铸模，同时也存在颗粒间和颗粒内孔隙。观察到的视觉孔隙度范围为 1.5% 至 7.14%，平均为 5.15%。砂岩相（CMF-4）的平均孔隙度最高，为 10.7%，而硅质碎屑颗粒岩微相（CMF-3）的平均孔隙度为 5.3%。硅质碎屑泥岩微相（CMF-1）和硅质碎屑泥岩微相（CMF-2）孔隙度最低，分别为4.8%和5.0%。胶结作用、新形作用、针线化作用和压实作用等成岩作用降低了原生孔隙度；然而，溶解和压裂过程产生了次生孔隙。平均而言，Nammal Gorge、Salt Range 的 CFm 显示出希望，而在 Trans-Indus 的 Gula Khel 峡谷，孔隙度最低。
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