Pear cultivation accounts for a large proportion of worldwide orchards, but its sustainability is controversial because it relies on intensive use of pesticides. It is therefore crucial and timely to find alternative methods to chemical control in pear orchards. The psyllids Cacopsylla pyri and Cacopsylla pyricola are the most important pests of pear trees in Europe and North America, respectively, because they infest all commercial varieties, causing damage directly through sap consumption or indirectly through the spread of diseases. A set of natural enemies exists, ranging from generalist predators to specialist parasitoids. Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford) is undoubtedly the most abundant specialist parasitoid of psyllids. In our literature review, we highlight the potential of this encyrtid species as a biological control agent of psyllid pests by first reviewing its biology and ecology, and then considering its potential at regulating psyllids. We show that the parasitoid can express fairly high parasitism rates in orchards, and almost perfectly matches the phenology of its host and is present early in the host infestation season, which is an advantage for controlling immature stages of psyllids. We propose new research directions and innovative approaches that would improve the use of T. insidiosus in integrated pest management strategies in the future, regarding both augmentative and conservation biocontrol. We conclude that T. insidiosus has many advantages and should be included as part of integrated biological control strategies of pear psyllids, along with predators, in-field habitat conservation, and the rational use of compatible chemicals. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

中文翻译：

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寄生蜂 Trechnites insidiosus 的生态学和生物学及其对梨木虱的生物防治潜力

梨种植占全球果园的很大比例，但其可持续性存在争议，因为它依赖于农药的密集使用。因此，寻找梨园化学防治的替代方法至关重要且及时。木虱Cacopsylla pyri和Cacopsylla pyricola分别是欧洲和北美梨树最重要的害虫，因为它们侵染所有商业品种，直接通过汁液消耗或通过疾病传播间接造成损害。存在一组天敌，从多面手的掠食者到专业的寄生蜂。隐匿性沟纹(Crawford) 无疑是木虱中最丰富的专科寄生物。在我们的文献综述中，我们首先回顾了它的生物学和生态学，然后考虑了它在调节木虱方面的潜力，从而突出了这种包虫作为木虱害虫生物防治剂的潜力。我们表明寄生蜂可以在果园中表达相当高的寄生率，并且几乎完全匹配其宿主的物候，并且在宿主侵染季节的早期就存在，这是控制木虱未成熟阶段的优势。我们提出了新的研究方向和创新方法，以改进T. insidiosus在未来综合虫害管理策略中的使用，包括增强和保护生物防治。我们得出的结论是T. insidiosus具有许多优点，应作为梨木虱综合生物控制策略的一部分，与捕食者、野外栖息地保护和相容化学品的合理使用一起。© 2021 化学工业协会。