Acute rejection is a leading cause of organ transplant failure and the most common indication for re-transplantation. Clinically, suspicion of acute rejection is often dependent upon serum laboratory values which may only manifest after organ injury. The gold standard for diagnosis requires an invasive biopsy which can carry serious clinical risks including bleeding and graft loss as well as the possibility of sampling error. The use of noninvasive imaging modalities to monitor transplanted organs is of great clinical value, particularly as a tool for early detection of graft dysfunction or acute rejection. Herein, we provide an overview of the existing literature evaluating noninvasive imaging modalities of solid organ and cellular allografts after transplantation, including both preclinical and clinical studies.

急性排斥反应是器官移植失败的主要原因，也是再移植最常见的适应症。临床上，急性排斥反应的怀疑通常取决于血清实验室值，这可能仅在器官损伤后表现出来。诊断的金标准需要侵入性活检，这可能会带来严重的临床风险，包括出血和移植物丢失以及取样错误的可能性。使用无创成像方式监测移植器官具有很大的临床价值，特别是作为早期检测移植物功能障碍或急性排斥反应的工具。在此，我们概述了评估移植后实体器官和细胞同种异体移植物的无创成像方式的现有文献，包括临床前和临床研究。