Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, especially graphene, have received increasing attention due to their mechanical, electronic, optical, chemical, and thermal properties. A set of physical-chemical techniques was applied to increase the exfoliation effect's promotion and characterization over the natural graphite flakes. More than 30 natural impurities were determined in raw graphite flakes by instrumental neutron activation analyses. A possible graphite exfoliation mechanism combining ultrasonication and low temperatures in liquid nitrogen was postulated using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The sonication shock waves act on the graphite surfaces resulting in compressive stress propagating throughout the graphite bulk. The most observed effect was the corner's damage, promoting gas interlayer adsorption pathways, followed by explosive desorption. The applied sequence of treatments results in an increasing defect level. Intense exfoliation was observed with several graphite layers, visible after gamma radiation treatment in doses ranging from 0.1 MGy to 6.0 MGy on standard ambient temperature and pressure. The increasing irradiation dose mostly affects the surface of the flakes. The pristine Graflake shows a homogeneous carbon surface with no signs of oxidation. At the presence of oxygen peroxide under oxygen atmosphere, samples irradiated at 0.3 MGy already show more brick surface signs. The irradiation dose associated with the oxidation generates a much less homogeneous surface, the result is a more bricked and somehow smaller flakes. Under the same oxidizing atmosphere at a higher irradiation dose, the effect has mostly increased in all surfaces compromised by oxidation, favoring the flakes' dispersion. The treatment association results in a bricked surface with much smaller particles of the original Graflake, favoring the exfoliation.

二维 (2D) 纳米材料，尤其是石墨烯，由于其机械、电子、光学、化学和热性能而受到越来越多的关注。应用一套物理化学技术来提高剥落效应对天然石墨薄片的促进和表征。通过仪器中子活化分析，在原始石墨薄片中确定了 30 多种天然杂质。使用密度泛函理论 (DFT) 计算假设了一种可能的石墨剥离机制，结合超声波处理和液氮中的低温。超声冲击波作用于石墨表面，导致压缩应力在整个石墨体中传播。观察到最多的效果是角落的损坏，促进了气体层间吸附途径，然后是爆炸解吸。应用的处理序列导致缺陷水平增加。在标准环境温度和压力下以 0.1 MGy 至 6.0 MGy 的剂量进行伽马辐射处理后，观察到几个石墨层出现强烈剥落。增加的辐照剂量主要影响薄片的表面。原始的 Graflake 显示出均匀的碳表面，没有氧化的迹象。在氧气氛下存在过氧化氧时，以 0.3 MGy 辐照的样品已经显示出更多的砖表面迹象。与氧化相关的辐照剂量会产生更不均匀的表面，结果是更砖和不知何故更小的薄片。在相同的氧化气氛下，在更高的辐照剂量下，这种效果在所有受氧化影响的表面上都增加了，有利于薄片的分散。处理关联导致砖块表面具有更小的原始 Graflake 颗粒，有利于剥落。