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Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure on PAH mineralization and toxicity to soil microorganisms after oxidative bioremediation by laccase
Environmental Pollution ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-19 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117581 Jun Zeng 1 , Yanjie Li 1 , Yeliang Dai 1 , Yucheng Wu 1 , Xiangui Lin 1
Environmental Pollution ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-19 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117581 Jun Zeng 1 , Yanjie Li 1 , Yeliang Dai 1 , Yucheng Wu 1 , Xiangui Lin 1
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While bioremediation using soil microorganisms is considered an energy-efficient and eco-friendly approach to treat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils, a variety of polar PAH metabolites, particularly oxygenated ones, could increase the toxicity of the soil after biodegradation. In this study, a typical bio-oxidative transformation of PAH into quinones was investigated in soil amended with laccase using three PAHs with different structures (anthracene, benzo[]anthracene, and benzo[]pyrene) to assess the toxicity after oxidative bioremediation. The results show that during a 2-month incubation period the oxidation process promoted the formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) of PAHs, and different effects on mineralization were observed among the three PAHs. Oxidation enhanced the mineralization of the high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs (benzo[]anthracene and benzo[]pyrene) but inhibited the mineralization of the low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAH (anthracene). The inhibition of anthracene suggests increased toxicity after oxidative bioremediation, which coincided with a decrease in soil nitrification activity, bacterial diversity and PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase gene copies. The analysis of PAH metabolites in soil extract indicated that oxidation by laccase was competitive with the natural transformation processes of PAHs and revealed that intermediates other than quinone metabolites increased the toxicity of soil during subsequent degradation. The different metabolic profiles of the three PAHs indicated that the toxicity of soil after PAH oxidation by laccase was strongly affected by the PAH structure. Despite the potential increase in toxicity, the results suggest that oxidative bioremediation is still an eco-friendly method for the treatment of HMW PAHs since the intermediates from HMW PAHs are more easily detoxified via NER formation than LMW PAHs.
中文翻译：
漆酶氧化生物修复后多环芳烃结构对PAH矿化及对土壤微生物毒性的影响
虽然利用土壤微生物进行生物修复被认为是处理多环芳烃 (PAH) 污染土壤的一种节能且环保的方法，但多种极性 PAH 代谢物，特别是含氧代谢物，在生物降解后可能会增加土壤的毒性。在本研究中，使用三种不同结构的多环芳烃（蒽、苯并[]蒽和苯并[]芘）在漆酶改良的土壤中研究了多环芳烃向醌的典型生物氧化转化，以评估氧化生物修复后的毒性。结果表明，在两个月的潜伏期内，氧化过程促进了多环芳烃不可萃取残留物（NER）的形成，并且三种多环芳烃对矿化的影响不同。氧化增强了高分子量（HMW）PAH（苯并[]蒽和苯并[]芘）的矿化，但抑制了低分子量（LMW）PAH（蒽）的矿化。蒽的抑制表明氧化生物修复后毒性增加，同时土壤硝化活性、细菌多样性和 PAH 环羟基化双加氧酶基因拷贝数下降。对土壤提取物中 PAH 代谢物的分析表明，漆酶的氧化与 PAH 的自然转化过程是竞争性的，并揭示了除醌代谢物之外的中间体在随后的降解过程中增加了土壤的毒性。三种多环芳烃的不同代谢特征表明，漆酶氧化多环芳烃后土壤的毒性受到多环芳烃结构的强烈影响。尽管毒性可能增加，但结果表明，氧化生物修复仍然是一种处理 HMW PAH 的环保方法，因为 HMW PAH 的中间体比 LMW PAH 更容易通过 NER 形成而解毒。
更新日期：2021-06-19
中文翻译：
漆酶氧化生物修复后多环芳烃结构对PAH矿化及对土壤微生物毒性的影响
虽然利用土壤微生物进行生物修复被认为是处理多环芳烃 (PAH) 污染土壤的一种节能且环保的方法，但多种极性 PAH 代谢物，特别是含氧代谢物，在生物降解后可能会增加土壤的毒性。在本研究中，使用三种不同结构的多环芳烃（蒽、苯并[]蒽和苯并[]芘）在漆酶改良的土壤中研究了多环芳烃向醌的典型生物氧化转化，以评估氧化生物修复后的毒性。结果表明，在两个月的潜伏期内，氧化过程促进了多环芳烃不可萃取残留物（NER）的形成，并且三种多环芳烃对矿化的影响不同。氧化增强了高分子量（HMW）PAH（苯并[]蒽和苯并[]芘）的矿化，但抑制了低分子量（LMW）PAH（蒽）的矿化。蒽的抑制表明氧化生物修复后毒性增加，同时土壤硝化活性、细菌多样性和 PAH 环羟基化双加氧酶基因拷贝数下降。对土壤提取物中 PAH 代谢物的分析表明，漆酶的氧化与 PAH 的自然转化过程是竞争性的，并揭示了除醌代谢物之外的中间体在随后的降解过程中增加了土壤的毒性。三种多环芳烃的不同代谢特征表明，漆酶氧化多环芳烃后土壤的毒性受到多环芳烃结构的强烈影响。尽管毒性可能增加，但结果表明，氧化生物修复仍然是一种处理 HMW PAH 的环保方法，因为 HMW PAH 的中间体比 LMW PAH 更容易通过 NER 形成而解毒。
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