Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) establish metrics and collect farm-level data to measure sustainability in the food system. Rooted in the private sector, MSIs advance goals that were once the responsibility of the state. To make sense of this trend, we distinguish three ideal types of accountability systems in the United States agrifood system: community-based, state-led, and private-ordering systems. We explore the implications of data-driven private-ordering for the distribution of power and accountability along a food supply chain by analyzing Field to Market, a prominent US-based MSI. A central feature of Field to Market are metrics that commodity producers can use to assess their performance and which provide data for food manufacturers and retailers to support sustainability claims. Compared to state-led environmental sustainability efforts from the 1940s until the 1980s, which depended on farmers voluntarily adhering to regulations, metrics rely upon the generation and circulation of data that create a nascent, privately ordered bureaucracy. This change in governance has purported and undeclared consequences for food supply chains. Field to Market's metrics promise continuous improvements in agricultural sustainability and accountability in the food system, but they also help food manufacturers and retailers coordinate their supply chains, facilitate the commodification of farm management data, and reframe the meaning of sustainability.

多利益相关方倡议 (MSI) 建立指标并收集农场层面的数据，以衡量食品系统的可持续性。MSI 植根于私营部门，推进了曾经是国家责任的目标。为了理解这一趋势，我们区分了美国农业食品系统中三种理想的问责制类型：基于社区的、国家主导的和私人订购系统。我们通过分析 Field to Market（一个著名的美国 MSI）来探索数据驱动的私人订购对沿食品供应链分配权力和问责制的影响。Field to Market 的一个核心特征是商品生产商可以用来评估其绩效的指标，这些指标为食品制造商和零售商提供数据以支持可持续性声明。与 1940 年代至 1980 年代国家主导的环境可持续性努力依赖农民自愿遵守法规相比，指标依赖于数据的生成和流通，从而形成了新生的、私人秩序的官僚机构。治理的这种变化对食品供应链产生了据称但未宣布的后果。Field to Market 的指标承诺在食品系统中不断改进农业可持续性和问责制，但它们也帮助食品制造商和零售商协调他们的供应链，促进农场管理数据的商品化，并重新定义可持续性的含义。私人命令的官僚机构。治理的这种变化对食品供应链产生了据称但未宣布的后果。Field to Market 的指标承诺在食品系统中不断改进农业可持续性和问责制，但它们也帮助食品制造商和零售商协调他们的供应链，促进农场管理数据的商品化，并重新定义可持续性的含义。私人命令的官僚机构。治理的这种变化对食品供应链产生了据称但未宣布的后果。Field to Market 的指标承诺在食品系统中不断改进农业可持续性和问责制，但它们也帮助食品制造商和零售商协调他们的供应链，促进农场管理数据的商品化，并重新定义可持续性的含义。