Passive optical networks (PONs) are a preferred technology for implementing fiber-to-the-home networks. Though PONs minimize power consumption compared to digital subscriber loops (DSL), they still constitute a significant portion of the power consumed in the telecommunication network. Several research efforts have thus focused on minimizing power consumption in a PON network, e.g., optimal PON dimensioning, sleep modes, and designing next-generation power efficient PON candidates, like bit-interleaved PON (Bi-PON), wavelength split time and wavelength division multiplexed PON (TWDM-PON) and wavelength-switched TWDM-PON. A natural question thus arise is what are the power savings of these various mechanisms and are there some synergy gains if these efforts can be combined? In this work, we propose analytical models for evaluating the power saving potentials of optimal PON dimensioning, sleep modes, and next-generation PON candidates like Bi-PON, wavelength split and wavelength switched TWDM-PON. For optimal PON dimensioning, we consider a promised grade of service to the users, while to explore the sleep mode functionality, we consider state-of-the-art dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms like sleep mode aware (SMA) and hybrid sleep mode aware (HSMA). We then propose the power models to assess the power efficiency of sleep modes in combination with the optimal dimensioning. In addition, we further extend these mechanisms to the next-generation PON candidates and evaluate the power saving potentials. Furthermore, in order to show the accuracy of the proposed models, we validate all these analytical models with the simulation results.

无源光网络 (PON) 是实现光纤到户网络的首选技术。尽管与数字用户环路 (DSL) 相比，PON 将功耗降至最低，但它们仍占电信网络功耗的很大一部分。因此，一些研究工作集中在最小化 PON 网络中的功耗上，例如，最佳 PON 尺寸、睡眠模式和设计下一代节能 PON 候选，如比特交错 PON (Bi-PON)、波长分裂时间和波长分复用 PON (TWDM-PON) 和波长交换 TWDM-PON。因此自然而然出现的问题是，这些不同机制的节能效果如何？如果将这些努力结合起来，是否会产生一些协同效应？在这项工作中，我们提出了用于评估最佳 PON 尺寸、睡眠模式和下一代 PON 候选（如 Bi-PON、波长拆分和波长切换 TWDM-PON）的节能潜力的分析模型。为了优化 PON 尺寸，我们考虑向用户承诺的服务等级，同时为了探索睡眠模式功能，我们考虑最先进的动态带宽分配 (DBA) 算法，如睡眠模式感知 (SMA) 和混合睡眠模式感知 (HSMA)。然后，我们提出了功率模型，以结合最佳尺寸来评估睡眠模式的功率效率。此外，我们进一步将这些机制扩展到下一代 PON 候选者并评估节能潜力。此外，为了显示所提出模型的准确性，