The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw a resurgence of interest in the supernatural in Scotland as elsewhere in the United Kingdom. A number of intellectual figures responded by proposing naturalistic explanations for supernatural phenomena, drawing on the legacy of Scottish Enlightenment philosophy. These included the geologist and antiquarian Samuel Hibbert and the phrenologist George Combe. This paper explores the interrelations between these theories, their roots in the troubled cultural politics of Scotland in the early nineteenth century, and the reaction of different protagonists in the cultural conflicts of the period to their ideas.

中文翻译：

---

鬼魂的生理学：19 世纪早期苏格兰的自然主义幻影理论

18 世纪末和 19 世纪初，苏格兰和英国其他地方一样，对超自然现象的兴趣重新抬头。许多知识分子通过借鉴苏格兰启蒙哲学的遗产对超自然现象提出自然主义的解释作为回应。其中包括地质学家和古物学家塞缪尔·希伯特 (Samuel Hibbert) 和颅相学家乔治·康贝 (George Combe)。本文探讨了这些理论之间的相互关系，它们源于 19 世纪初苏格兰陷入困境的文化政治，以及该时期文化冲突中的不同主角对其思想的反应。