The transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex organ requires the orchestration of several morphogenetic processes. Two structures critical for cardiac function, the cardiac valves and the trabecular network, are formed through extensive tissue morphogenesis—endocardial cell migration, deadhesion and differentiation into fibroblast-like cells during valve formation, and cardiomyocyte delamination and apico-basal depolarization during trabeculation. Here, we review current knowledge of how these specialized structures acquire their shape by focusing on the underlying cellular behaviors and molecular mechanisms, highlighting findings from in vivo models and briefly discussing the recent advances in cardiac cell culture and organoids.

心脏从简单的管子转变为复杂的器官需要协调几个形态发生过程。对心脏功能至关重要的两种结构，即心脏瓣膜和小梁网络，是通过广泛的组织形态发生形成的——瓣膜形成过程中心内膜细胞迁移、死亡粘附和分化成成纤维细胞样细胞，以及小梁形成过程中心肌细胞分层和心尖基底去极化。在这里，我们通过关注潜在的细胞行为和分子机制，重点介绍体内模型的发现并简要讨论心脏细胞培养和类器官的最新进展，回顾了这些特殊结构如何获得其形状的当前知识。