Abstract:

Neoliberalism has been able to change the markets and the economy of societies around the world. These transformations are especially important with regards to fictitious commodities: land, labor, and money. However, the 2020 pandemic imposes new limits, when life itself is at risk globally. This work highlights the major neoliberal reforms relating to fictitious commodities, the difficulties of society to resist and create counterweights. The health crisis that has emerged with the COVID-19 pandemic is the result of decades of over-exploitation of nature and human beings. The reforms over fictitious commodities, especially labor, have led to a constant and systematic decline of society. This article is supported by the theoretical legacy of Karl Polanyi and Kari Polanyi Levitt that allows us to consider the most important trends of neoliberal reforms and their main objectives.

摘要：

新自由主义已经能够改变世界各地社会的市场和经济。这些转变对于虚拟商品尤其重要：土地、劳动力和货币。但是，2020 年的大流行带来了新的限制，因为全球范围内的生命本身都处于危险之中。这项工作突出了与虚构商品有关的重大新自由主义改革，以及社会抵抗和创造平衡的困难。随着 COVID-19 大流行而出现的健康危机是几十年来对自然和人类过度开发的结果。对虚构商品，特别是劳动力的改革，导致了社会的持续和系统性的衰落。