A novel solid-state joining method, that we called Pressure-controlled Joule-heat Forge Welding (PJFW), in which electric resistance heat is utilized as the heat source, was successfully developed. Medium carbon steel, S45C, rods were joined using this PJFW method under various conditions. The welding temperature can be determined uniquely by the applied pressure in the PJFW. The fabricated joints show homogeneous temperature distribution and hence hardness distribution along the weld interfaces. A sound S45C joint showing superior tensile properties comparable with the base material was successfully fabricated by providing an appropriate high pressure to lower the welding temperature below the A₁ point in order to prevent the brittle martensitic transformation, and applying a sufficiently large faying-surface deformation, not only to introduce significant microstructural refinement and large strains to prevent the softening, but to also sufficiently fragment the oxide layers, generate fresh surfaces, promote their atomic bonding and eliminate weld interface defects.

一种新型的固态连接方法，我们称为压力控制焦耳热锻造焊接（PJFW），其中利用电阻热作为热源，已成功开发。使用这种 PJFW 方法在各种条件下连接中碳钢 S45C 棒材。焊接温度可由 PJFW 中施加的压力唯一确定。制造的接头显示出均匀的温度分布，因此沿焊缝界面呈现出均匀的硬度分布。通过提供适当的高压将焊接温度降低到 A ₁以下，成功地制造出具有与母材相当的优异拉伸性能的 S45C 接头 为了防止脆性马氏体转变，并施加足够大的接合面变形，不仅可以引入显着的显微组织细化和大应变以防止软化，而且还可以充分破碎氧化层，产生新的表面，促进它们原子键合，消除焊接界面缺陷。