The fluoride removal capability of a new industrial-based chemical coagulant (Formula A) in one- and two-stage coagulation treatments was investigated in present study. Three main controlling factors, the coagulant concentration, reaction time and the initial pH of Formula A were studied on the fluoride removal accordingly, with the aid of other coagulants: Ecogent F-Loc, potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄), and sodium aluminate (NaAlO₂). Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to analyse the controlling factors on the fluoride removal efficiency (R%) using Box-Behnken designs (BBD). The coagulant concentration of Formula A shows the most significant effect on R% and better fluoride removal capability at an initial pH 12. Nevertheless, the R% has been shown to be independent of reaction time. Response optimisation revealed the highest R% (70.12%) can be achieved at 1000 ppm, 10 min of reaction time and initial pH of 2. Furthermore, K₂FeO₄ has a better R% in low pH regions of 2 to 4. Additionally, K₂FeO₄ achieved the highest R% (84%) at 1190 ppm and pH 9 with 8.5 min of reaction time. In a single coagulation stage, the use of Formula A or K₂FeO₄ are not able to meet Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 with discharge Standard B as specified by Department of Environment Malaysia, while a two-stage coagulation process can meet Standard A. Specifically, the combined formulation of using Ecogent F-Loc(1)- Formula A(2) and NaAlO₂(1)- Formula A(2) were able to achieve treated water with less than 2 ppm fluoride. Moreover, recycling treated water also plays a major role in helping industries meet the strict treatment standards.

本研究调查了一种新型工业化学混凝剂（配方 A）在一级和二级混凝处理中的除氟能力。在其他混凝剂Ecogent F-Loc、高铁酸钾（K ₂ FeO ₄）和铝酸钠的帮助下，研究了混凝剂浓度、反应时间和配方A的初始pH三个主要控制因素对除氟的影响(NaAlO ₂）。采用响应面法 (RSM) 分析使用 Box-Behnken 设计 (BBD) 的除氟效率 (R%) 的控制因素。配方 A 的凝结剂浓度显示出对 R% 的最显着影响以及在初始 pH 值为 12 时更好的除氟能力。然而，已显示 R% 与反应时间无关。响应优化表明，在 1000 ppm、10 分钟的反应时间和 2 的初始 pH 值下可以获得最高的 R% (70.12%)。此外，K ₂ FeO ₄在 2 到 4 的低 pH 值区域具有更好的 R%。此外, K ₂ FeO ₄在 1190 ppm 和 pH 9 下达到最高 R% (84%)，反应时间为 8.5 分钟。在单个凝固阶段，使用配方 A 或 K ₂FeO ₄无法满足马来西亚环境部指定的排放标准 B 的 2009 年环境质量（工业废水）法规，而两阶段混凝过程可以满足标准 A。具体来说，使用 Ecogent F-Loc 的组合配方(1)-式A(2)和NaAlO ₂ (1)-式A(2)能够实现氟化物低于2ppm的处理水。此外，回收处理过的水在帮助行业达到严格的处理标准方面也发挥着重要作用。