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Approaching the motional ground state of a 10-kg object
Science ( IF 44.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-18 , DOI: 10.1126/science.abh2634
Chris Whittle ₁ , Evan D Hall ₁ , Sheila Dwyer ₂ , Nergis Mavalvala ₁ , Vivishek Sudhir _{1,

3} , R Abbott ₄ , A Ananyeva ₄ , C Austin ₅ , L Barsotti ₁ , J Betzwieser ₆ , C D Blair _{6,

7} , A F Brooks ₄ , D D Brown ₈ , A Buikema ₁ , C Cahillane ₄ , J C Driggers ₂ , A Effler ₆ , A Fernandez-Galiana ₁ , P Fritschel ₁ , V V Frolov ₆ , T Hardwick ₅ , M Kasprzack ₄ , K Kawabe ₂ , N Kijbunchoo ₉ , J S Kissel ₂ , G L Mansell _{1,

2} , F Matichard _{1,

4} , L McCuller ₁ , T McRae ₉ , A Mullavey ₆ , A Pele ₆ , R M S Schofield ₁₀ , D Sigg ₂ , M Tse ₁ , G Vajente ₄ , D C Vander-Hyde ₁₁ , Hang Yu ₁ , Haocun Yu ₁ , C Adams ₆ , R X Adhikari ₄ , S Appert ₄ , K Arai ₄ , J S Areeda ₁₂ , Y Asali ₁₃ , S M Aston ₆ , A M Baer ₁₄ , M Ball ₁₀ , S W Ballmer ₁₁ , S Banagiri ₁₅ , D Barker ₂ , J Bartlett ₂ , B K Berger ₁₆ , D Bhattacharjee ₁₇ , G Billingsley ₄ , S Biscans _{1,

4} , R M Blair ₂ , N Bode _{18,

19} , P Booker _{18,

19} , R Bork ₄ , A Bramley ₆ , K C Cannon ₂₀ , X Chen ₇ , A A Ciobanu ₈ , F Clara ₂ , C M Compton ₂ , S J Cooper ₂₁ , K R Corley ₁₃ , S T Countryman ₁₃ , P B Covas ₂₂ , D C Coyne ₄ , L E H Datrier ₂₃ , D Davis ₁₁ , C Di Fronzo ₂₁ , K L Dooley _{24,

25} , P Dupej ₂₃ , T Etzel ₄ , M Evans ₁ , T M Evans ₆ , J Feicht ₄ , P Fulda ₂₆ , M Fyffe ₆ , J A Giaime _{5,

6} , K D Giardina ₆ , P Godwin ₂₇ , E Goetz _{5,

17,

28} , S Gras ₁ , C Gray ₂ , R Gray ₂₃ , A C Green ₂₆ , E K Gustafson ₄ , R Gustafson ₂₉ , J Hanks ₂ , J Hanson ₆ , R K Hasskew ₆ , M C Heintze ₆ , A F Helmling-Cornell ₁₀ , N A Holland ₉ , J D Jones ₂ , S Kandhasamy ₃₀ , S Karki ₁₀ , P J King ₂ , Rahul Kumar ₂ , M Landry ₂ , B B Lane ₁ , B Lantz ₁₆ , M Laxen ₆ , Y K Lecoeuche ₂₈ , J Leviton ₂₉ , J Liu _{18,

19} , M Lormand ₆ , A P Lundgren ₃₁ , R Macas ₂₄ , M MacInnis ₁ , D M Macleod ₂₄ , S Márka ₁₃ , Z Márka ₁₃ , D V Martynov ₂₁ , K Mason ₁ , T J Massinger ₁ , R McCarthy ₂ , D E McClelland ₉ , S McCormick ₆ , J McIver _{4,

28} , G Mendell ₂ , K Merfeld ₁₀ , E L Merilh ₂ , F Meylahn _{18,

19} , T Mistry ₃₂ , R Mittleman ₁ , G Moreno ₂ , C M Mow-Lowry ₂₁ , S Mozzon ₃₁ , T J N Nelson ₆ , P Nguyen ₁₀ , L K Nuttall ₃₁ , J Oberling ₂ , Richard J Oram ₆ , C Osthelder ₄ , D J Ottaway ₈ , H Overmier ₆ , J R Palamos ₁₀ , W Parker _{6,

33} , E Payne ₃₄ , R Penhorwood ₂₉ , C J Perez ₂ , M Pirello ₂ , H Radkins ₂ , K E Ramirez ₃₅ , J W Richardson ₄ , K Riles ₂₉ , N A Robertson _{4,

23} , J G Rollins ₄ , C L Romel ₂ , J H Romie ₆ , M P Ross ₃₆ , K Ryan ₂ , T Sadecki ₂ , E J Sanchez ₄ , L E Sanchez ₄ , T R Saravanan ₃₀ , R L Savage ₂ , D Schaetz ₄ , R Schnabel ₃₇ , E Schwartz ₆ , D Sellers ₆ , T Shaffer ₂ , B J J Slagmolen ₉ , J R Smith ₁₂ , S Soni ₅ , B Sorazu ₂₃ , A P Spencer ₂₃ , K A Strain ₂₃ , L Sun _{4,

9} , M J Szczepańczyk ₂₆ , M Thomas ₆ , P Thomas ₂ , K A Thorne ₆ , K Toland ₂₃ , C I Torrie ₄ , G Traylor ₆ , A L Urban ₅ , G Valdes ₅ , P J Veitch ₈ , K Venkateswara ₃₆ , G Venugopalan ₄ , A D Viets ₃₈ , T Vo ₁₁ , C Vorvick ₂ , M Wade ₃₉ , R L Ward ₉ , J Warner ₂ , B Weaver ₂ , R Weiss ₁ , B Willke _{18,

19} , C C Wipf ₄ , L Xiao ₄ , H Yamamoto ₄ , L Zhang ₄ , M E Zucker _{1,

4} , J Zweizig ₄

Affiliation

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA.
OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA.
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3-IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.
The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India.
University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK.
The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA.
OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA.
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI 53097, USA.
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA.

The motion of a mechanical object, even a human-sized object, should be governed by the rules of quantum mechanics. Coaxing them into a quantum state is, however, difficult because the thermal environment masks any quantum signature of the object’s motion. The thermal environment also masks the effects of proposed modifications of quantum mechanics at large mass scales. We prepared the center-of-mass motion of a 10-kilogram mechanical oscillator in a state with an average phonon occupation of 10.8. The reduction in temperature, from room temperature to 77 nanokelvin, is commensurate with an 11 orders-of-magnitude suppression of quantum back-action by feedback and a 13 orders-of-magnitude increase in the mass of an object prepared close to its motional ground state. Our approach will enable the possibility of probing gravity on massive quantum systems.

中文翻译：

接近 10 公斤物体的运动基态

机械物体的运动，即使是人类大小的物体，也应该受到量子力学规则的支配。然而，将它们诱导进入量子状态很困难，因为热环境掩盖了物体运动的任何量子特征。热环境还掩盖了在大质量尺度上提出的量子力学修改的影响。我们准备了 10 公斤机械振荡器在平均声子占据为 10.8 的状态下的质心运动。温度从室温降低到 77 纳开尔文，与通过反馈对量子反向作用进行 11 个数量级的抑制以及接近其运动状态的物体质量增加 13 个数量级相称。基态。

更新日期：2021-06-18

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