Discussions of pre-Viking trade and production have for many decades focused on products made of precious metals, glass and, to some degree, iron. This is hardly surprising considering the difficulties in finding and provenancing products made of organic matter. In this article we examine gaming pieces made from bone and antler, which are not unusual in Scandinavian burials in the Vendel and Viking period (c. ad 550–1050). A special emphasis is placed on whalebone pieces that appear to dominate after around ad 550, signalling a large-scale production and exploitation of North Atlantic whale products. In combination with other goods such as bear furs, birds of prey, and an increased iron and tar production, whalebone products are part of an intensified large-scale outland exploitation and indicate strong, pre-urban trading routes across Scandinavia and Europe some 200 years before the Viking period and well before the age of the emporia.

中文翻译：

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鲸骨游戏作品：文德尔和维京时代斯堪的纳维亚半岛海洋哺乳动物开发的各个方面

几十年来，关于前维京贸易和生产的讨论一直集中在由贵金属、玻璃以及在某种程度上铁制成的产品上。考虑到寻找和出处由有机物质制成的产品的困难，这不足为奇。在本文中，我们研究了由骨头和鹿角制成的游戏作品，这在 Vendel 和 Viking 时期的斯堪的纳维亚墓葬中并不罕见（c.广告550–1050）。特别强调鲸骨碎片似乎占主导地位广告550，标志着北大西洋鲸鱼产品的大规模生产和开发。与熊毛皮、猛禽等其他商品以及铁和焦油产量的增加相结合，鲸骨产品是加强的大规模外地开发的一部分，并表明了大约 200 年来横跨斯堪的纳维亚半岛和欧洲的强大的城市前贸易路线在维京时期之前和远在emporia时代之前。