This article focuses on the development of preventive and commercial archaeology in Europe during the last thirty years by examining the case of Italy. This country has a mixed public-private system, where the law establishes that the State manages all archaeological activities, although archaeological services are provided mainly by private individuals or companies and funded by private developers. This framework leads to a mismatch between law and practice, which impedes the development of professional archaeology and the full implementation of the Valletta principles. The issue is examined from an historical perspective, from the 1970s to the present day, and is augmented by a brief analysis of the current trends in cultural heritage policy. The study concentrates on the regulatory elements of archaeological activities, since these legal matters are generally overlooked by scholars.

中文翻译：

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瓦莱塔公约 25 年后意大利的考古工作和立法

本文通过考察意大利的案例，重点关注过去三十年来欧洲预防和商业考古学的发展。这个国家有一个混合的公私体制，法律规定国家管理所有考古活动，尽管考古服务主要由私人或公司提供，并由私人开发商提供资金。这一框架导致法律与实践的不匹配，阻碍了专业考古学的发展和瓦莱塔原则的全面实施。从 1970 年代至今的历史视角审视了这个问题，并通过对当前文化遗产政策趋势的简要分析加以补充。该研究侧重于考古活动的监管要素，