Entanglement can be distributed using a carrier which is always separable from the rest of the systems involved. Up to now, this effect has predominantly been analyzed in the case where the carrier-system interactions take the form of ideal unitary operations, thus leaving untested its robustness against either non-unitary or unitary errors. We address this issue by considering the effect of incoherent dynamics acting alongside imperfect unitary interactions. In particular, we determine the restrictions that need to be placed on the interaction time, as well as the strength of the incoherent dynamics. We find that with non-unitary errors, we can still successfully distribute entanglement, provided we measure the carrier in a suitable basis. Introducing imperfections in the unitary dynamics, we show that entanglement gain is possible even with substantial unitary errors. Moreover, certain variations in the strength of the unitary dynamics can allow for greater robustness against non-unitary errors. Therefore, even in experimental settings where unitary operations cannot be carried out without imperfections, it is still possible to generate entanglement between two systems using a separable carrier.

纠缠可以使用始终与其他相关系统分离的载体进行分布。到目前为止，这种影响主要是在载波系统交互采用理想单一操作形式的情况下进行分析的，因此其对非单一或单一错误的鲁棒性未经测试。我们通过考虑与不完美的单一相互作用一起作用的非相干动力学的影响来解决这个问题。特别是，我们确定了需要对交互时间施加的限制，以及不连贯动态的强度。我们发现，对于非幺正误差，我们仍然可以成功地分配纠缠，只要我们在合适的基础上测量载波。引入幺正动力学中的缺陷，我们表明，即使存在大量单一误差，纠缠增益也是可能的。此外，酉动力学强度的某些变化可以允许对非酉误差具有更大的鲁棒性。因此，即使在没有缺陷的情况下无法进行单一操作的实验环境中，仍然可以使用可分离的载体在两个系统之间产生纠缠。