Abstract

Effectiveness of four free-floating macrophytes, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, Salvinia natans, and Azolla filiculoides, at accumulation of elements from polluted water and their usefulness in phytoremediation was determined. Concentrations of 14 elements were analyzed in plants and water from river affected by smelting industry. Under the same environmental conditions bioaccumulation ability of closely related species differed. The duckweed species contained more K, Mg, and Na than ferns; L. trisulca had higher concentrations of Co, Ni, and Zn (18.4, 13.0, 158 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) than L. minor. S. natans characterized with the highest As, Cr, and Fe contents (27.1, 10.4, 15,475 mgkg⁻¹, respectively). The overall bioaccumulation capability (metal accumulation index [MAI]) was ordered as follows: L. trisulca (2.33) > S. natans (1.91) > L. minor (1.50). All species studied were found to be accumulators of several metal(loid)s but L. trisulca distinguished by the highest bioaccumulation for Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Na, Pb, and Zn, S. natans for As, Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni, while L. minor for alkali cations. S. natans and both Lemna species may find application in phytoextraction, with L. trisulca as the best choice. A. filiculoides showed lower concentrations of trace metal(loid) than S. natans and L. trisulca.

Novelty statement

This is the first study that comprehensively compares Salvinia natans, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca, and Azolla filiculoides growing in the field; industrially affected conditions in respect of elements contents, water-plant transfer, and bioaccumulation using statistical analyses and indexes and their suitability for phytoremediation was considered. Secondary aim of the study was to fill the gap in research on the impact of copper smelters on aquatic ecosystems. Although the manuscript describes a case study performed near copper smelter in Poland, due to the novel results and cosmopolitan distribution of the species and significant world-wide impact of industry on the environment the results may be interested to broad publicity and find substantial application.

中文翻译：

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铜冶炼厂污染区四种自由漂浮植物中微量元素和微量元素生物富集对比分析

摘要

确定了四种自由漂浮的大型植物，小藻，三叶藻，鼠尾草，和满江红在污染水中的元素积累的有效性及其在植物修复中的有用性。分析了受冶炼工业影响的植物和河流水中14种元素的浓度。在相同的环境条件下，近缘物种的生物累积能力不同。浮萍物种比蕨类植物含有更多的K、Mg和Na；与 L.minor 相比， L. trisulca的 Co、Ni 和 Zn 浓度（分别为 18.4、13.0、158 mg kg ^-1）更高。纳坦沙门氏菌以最高的 As、Cr 和 Fe 含量为特征（分别为 27.1、10.4、15,475 mgkg ^-1）。总体生物蓄积能力（金属积累指数 [MAI]）排序如下：L. trisulca (2.33) > S. natans (1.91) > L. minor (1.50)。所有研究的物种都被发现是几种金属（类）的积累物，但L. trisulca的特点是对 Cd、Co、Cu、Mg、Na、Pb 和 Zn 的最高生物蓄积，S. natans对 As、Cr、Fe、 Mn 和 Ni，而L.minor用于碱金属阳离子。S. natans和两种Lemna物种都可能在植物提取中得到应用，其中L. trisulca作为最佳选择。与S. natans和L. trisulca相比， A. filiculoides的微量金属（样物质）浓度更低。

新颖性声明

这是第一项全面比较Salvinia natans、Lemna minor、Lemna trisulca和Azolla fiiculoides 的研究在田间生长；使用统计分析和指标考虑了在元素含量、水生植物转移和生物积累方面的工业影响条件及其对植物修复的适用性。该研究的次要目的是填补铜冶炼厂对水生生态系统影响的研究空白。尽管手稿描述了在波兰铜冶炼厂附近进行的案例研究，但由于该物种的新结果和世界性分布以及工业对环境的重大全球影响，结果可能有兴趣广泛宣传并找到实质性应用。