Skidding is considered to be one of the most stressful works for the forest environment. This paper presented the results obtained from the analysis of soil deformation and selected physical and mechanical parameters of soils on skid trails in the Gorce National Park. The study analyzed two horse and tractor skid trails that are in continuous use in the park. Measurements of parameters were recorded before (summer) and after (autumn) a total of 81 skidding cycles, using a profilometer and a penetrometer, and soil samples were collected for analysis. The measurements obtained from the horse trails indicated that soil compactness was considerably higher in the lower sections of the trails and on the side more loaded by horse traffic and the transported load, which was related to the trail course in the field. The values of penetration resistance were high in the middle of those trails, reaching 6.8 MPa in the layer up to 10 cm. In the tractor trail the values of soil compactness reached 7.62 MPa in the layer up to 10 cm deep and were similar across the width of the trail and deep into the soil profile, with only slight changes observed in the monitored period. As a result of skidding, there were increases in the maximum depth of ruts reaching up to 4.6% on horse trails and up to 10.8% on tractor trails. Soil erosion per 10 m of trail caused by skidding and other natural factors during the study reached 1.314 and 0.390 m³ for the tractor and horse trail, respectively, wherein volume of skidded wood on the tractor trail was 180.1, and 18.1 m³ on horse trails. This confirms that the volume of eroded soil on the trails is determined by the type of skidder used and volume of skidded wood, so it is important to choose the right kind of skidder based on the conditions in which the skidding work will be carried out.

中文翻译：

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Gorce国家公园部分滑道土壤表面变形及物理力学参数分析

打滑被认为是对森林环境压力最大的工作之一。本文介绍了对戈尔斯国家公园滑道上的土壤变形和选定的土壤物理力学参数进行分析所获得的结果。该研究分析了公园内连续使用的两条马和拖拉机滑道。使用轮廓仪和针入度计在总共 81 个打滑周期之前（夏季）和之后（秋季）记录参数测量值，并收集土壤样品进行分析。从马道获得的测量结果表明，小道下部的土壤密实度要高得多，而在马匹交通和运输负载较多的一侧，这与田间小道有关。这些路径中间的穿透阻力值很高，在长达 10 厘米的层中达到 6.8 兆帕。在拖拉机路径中，土壤紧实度值在 10 厘米深的层中达到 7.62 MPa，并且在路径的宽度和土壤剖面深处相似，在监测期间仅观察到轻微的变化。由于打滑，车辙的最大深度在马道上增加了 4.6%，在拖拉机道上增加了 10.8%。研究期间由于打滑等自然因素造成的每 10 m 土壤侵蚀量分别达到 1.314 和 0.390 m 在最深 10 厘米的层中为 62 MPa，并且在整个路径的宽度和土壤剖面深处都相似，在监测期间仅观察到轻微的变化。由于打滑，车辙的最大深度在马道上增加了 4.6%，在拖拉机道上增加了 10.8%。研究期间由于打滑等自然因素造成的每 10 m 土壤侵蚀量分别达到 1.314 和 0.390 m 在最深 10 厘米的层中为 62 MPa，并且在整个路径的宽度和土壤剖面深处都相似，在监测期间仅观察到轻微的变化。由于打滑，车辙的最大深度在马道上增加了 4.6%，在拖拉机道上增加了 10.8%。研究期间由于打滑等自然因素造成的每 10 m 土壤侵蚀量分别达到 1.314 和 0.390 m^{3 分别}为拖拉机和马道，其中拖拉机道上的滑木量为180.1，马道上为18.1 m ³。这证实了小径上侵蚀土壤的体积取决于所使用的集材机类型和集材木材的体积，因此根据滑材工作的条件选择合适的集材机类型很重要。