Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition when the pressure in the lung blood vessels is elevated. This leads to increase in thickness of the blood vessels and increases the workload of the heart and lungs. The incidence and prevalence of PH has been on the increase in the last decade. It is estimated that PH affects about 1% of the global population and about 10% of individuals >65 years of age. Of the various types, Group 2 PH is the most common type seen in the elderly population. Fixed PH or PH refractive to therapies is considered a contraindication for heart transplantation; the 30-day mortality in heart transplant recipients is significantly increased in the subset of this population. In general, the pathobiology of PH involves multiple factors including hypoxia, oxidative stress, growth factor receptors, vascular stress, etc. Hence, it is challenging and important to identify specific mechanisms, diagnosis and develop effective therapeutic strategies. The focus of this manuscript is to review some of the important pathobiological processes and mechanisms in the development of PH. Results from our previously reported studies, including targeted treatments along with some new data on PH secondary to left-heart failure, are presented.

肺动脉高压（PH）是肺血管压力升高的一种病症。这导致血管厚度增加并增加心脏和肺部的工作负荷。近十年来，PH 的发病率和患病率呈上升趋势。据估计，肺结核影响全球约 1% 的人口和约 10% >65 岁的个体。在各种类型中，第 2 组 PH 是老年人群中最常见的类型。固定 PH 或 PH 不适合治疗被认为是心脏移植的禁忌症；在这一人群中，心脏移植受者的 30 天死亡率显着增加。一般来说，PH的病理学涉及多种因素，包括缺氧、氧化应激、生长因子受体、血管应激等。因此，确定具体机制、诊断并制定有效的治疗策略具有挑战性且重要。本手稿的重点是回顾 PH 发展中的一些重要病理生物学过程和机制。我们之前报道的研究结果，包括靶向治疗以及一些继发于左心衰竭的 PH 的新数据，均已呈现。