Mechanized operations on terrain slopes can still lead to considerable errors in the alignment and distribution of plants. Knowing slope interference in semi-mechanized planting quality can contribute to precision improvement in decision making, mainly in regions with high slope. This study evaluates the quality of semi-mechanized coffee planting in different land slopes using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and statistical process control (SPC). In a commercial coffee plantation, aerial images were collected by a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) and subsequently transformed into a digital elevation model (DEM) and a slope map. Slope data were subjected to variance analysis and statistical process control (SPC). Dependent variables analyzed were variations in distance between planting lines and between plants in line. The distribution of plants on all the slopes evaluated was below expected; the most impacted was the slope between 20–25%, implementing 7.8% fewer plants than projected. Inferences about the spacing between plants in the planting row showed that in slopes between 30–40%, the spacing was 0.53 m and between 0 and 15% was 0.55 m. This denotes the compensation of the speed of the operation on different slopes. The spacing between the planting lines had unusual variations on steep slopes. The SCP quality graphics are of lower quality in operations between 30–40%, as they have an average spacing of 3.65 m and discrepant points in the graphics. Spacing variations were observed in all slopes as shown in the SCP charts, and possible causes and implications for future management were discussed, contributing to improvements in the culture installation stage.

中文翻译：

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遥控飞机半机械化咖啡种植误差监测

在地形斜坡上进行机械化操作仍然会导致植物排列和分布的相当大的错误。了解坡度干扰对半机械化种植质量的影响有助于提高决策精度，主要是在高坡度地区。本研究使用遥控飞机 (RPA) 和统计过程控制 (SPC) 评估不同陆坡半机械化咖啡种植的质量。在商业咖啡种植园，航拍图像由遥控飞机 (RPA) 收集，随后转换为数字高程模型 (DEM) 和坡度图。对斜率数据进行方差分析和统计过程控制 (SPC)。分析的因变量是种植行之间和行内植物之间距离的变化。评估的所有斜坡上的植物分布都低于预期；受影响最大的是 20% 到 25% 之间的坡度，实施的工厂比预期少 7.8%。对种植行中植物间距的推断表明，在 30-40% 之间的斜坡上，间距为 0.53 m，0-15% 之间的间距为 0.55 m。这表示对不同斜坡上的操作速度的补偿。在陡坡上，种植线之间的间距有异常变化。SCP 质量图形在 30-40% 的操作中质量较低，因为它们的平均间距为 3.65 m，并且图形中存在差异点。如 SCP 图表所示，在所有斜坡中都观察到了间距变化，并讨论了可能的原因和对未来管理的影响，有助于改善养殖安装阶段。