In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• The Creating of Connelly’s Tavern and the Making of Mississippi’s Cultural Tourism Industry During the Great Depression
• Paul Hardin Kapp

Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, Americans became fascinated with places associated with their country’s past. Spanish missions and fortresses in California and Florida; historic architecture and urban districts in colonial era cities; and Revolutionary War and Civil War battlefields—all became places where Americans not only learned about their history but also reaffirmed their cultural identity. Moreover, they looked at history as entertainment. Cultural geographer John Jakle noted that by the 1930s, “History tended to be packaged as contrived attractions” (286). From Henry Ford’s Greenfield Village in Michigan to John D. Rockefeller’s Colonial Williamsburg, heritage¹, not history, was commodified, packaged, and sold to American middle-class families, which were more mobile than before, traveling on improved roads in affordable automobiles.

Heritage theorist David Lowenthal distinguishes history and heritage, saying, “History explores and explains pasts grown ever more opaque over time; heritage clarifies pasts so as to infuse them with present purposes” (xv). Public historian James Lindgren reminds us that a significant amount of this heritage was fabricated through “personalism”—a feminine-based historic preservation, which was based on a social group’s application of values and beliefs on a historic monument (42). Ann Pamela Cunningham’s Mount Vernon Ladies Association, the [End Page 169] Garden Club of Virginia, and the Daughters of the American Revolution were groups that applied their family-based cultural values— Christianity, family, and patriotism—on historic monuments associated with American nationalism and colonialism. During the 1930s, these sites became more than historic shrines; they became cultural tourism attractions.

In 1932, the women of the Natchez Garden Club created the cultural tourism industry in Mississippi. Based on their personalism, they initially celebrated the Spanish colonial past, but unlike the plans for Greenfield Village and Colonial Williamsburg, which showcased groupings of buildings, the approach these middle-class women took showcased built patrimony as individual vignettes, utilizing the automobile to present heritage to tourists. The event they created, the Natchez Spring Pilgrimage of Antebellum Homes, was an immediate success; it preserved the historic town and presented the heritage that the women wanted tourists to enjoy. In 1935, Natchez Garden Club member Roane Fleming Byrnes convinced her club colleagues to purchase and restore a forlorn building and make it Mississippi’s first historic building attraction, Connelly’s Tavern. Located on Gilreath Hill, it was rebuilt and marketed as the late eighteenth-century tavern that terminated the fabled Natchez Trace, the place where Andrew Ellicott defiantly raised the first American flag in Mississippi in 1797 and where Aaron Burr and Harman Blennerhasset planned the treasonous plot to separate the American West from the US in 1807.

However, the old wood-framed building was never “Connelly’s Tavern.” In 1974, nearly forty years after it was first opened, archival researchers disclosed that it was a very old residence but not a colonial tavern. “Certainly, it is a shock to find this error, and it’s hard to stop thinking of our headquarters as ‘Connelly’s Tavern,’” replied Margaret Moss, at the time the immediate past president of the Natchez Garden Club (Culver). Now known as “the House on Ellicott Hill,” the building is undergoing its latest restoration and the Natchez Garden Club will present it as a historic residence of the “Old Southwest” (Doyle). Although it continues to be depicted as a colonial Natchez shrine, the House on Ellicott Hill better exemplifies how historic preservation and cultural tourism were developed in the Deep South during the Great Depression. My aim here is to examine how the first cultural tourism [End Page 170] landmark in Mississippi was developed and how it became the embodiment of the struggle over the heritage that the women of the Natchez Garden Club wanted to portray to the world. I will conclude by considering the impact that the first preservation and tourism building venture had on heritage perception and commodification in Natchez and Mississippi during the twentieth century.

The Success of The First Pilgrimages

Historic preservation was not the original mission for American women’s garden clubs...

中文翻译：

---

大萧条时期康奈利酒馆的创建与密西西比文化旅游产业的形成

代替摘要，这里是内容的简短摘录：

• 大萧条时期康奈利酒馆的创建与密西西比文化旅游产业的形成
• 保罗·哈丁·卡普

牛逼hroughout前三十年二十世纪，美国人变得与自己国家的过去有关的地方所吸引。在加利福尼亚和佛罗里达的西班牙使团和堡垒；殖民时代城市的历史建筑和市区；革命战争和内战战场——都成为美国人不仅了解他们的历史，而且还重申他们的文化认同的地方。此外，他们将历史视为娱乐。文化地理学家 John Jakle 指出，到 1930 年代，“历史往往被包装成人为的吸引力”（286）。从亨利福特在密歇根州的格林菲尔德村到约翰·D·洛克菲勒的威廉斯堡殖民地，遗产¹，而不是 历史，被商品化、包装并出售给美国中产阶级家庭，这些家庭比以前更加机动，乘坐经济实惠的汽车在改善的道路上行驶。

遗产理论家大卫·洛文塔尔区分历史和遗产，他说：“历史探索并解释了随着时间的推移变得越来越不透明的过去；遗产澄清过去，以便为它们注入现在的目的”（xv）。公共历史学家 James Lindgren 提醒我们，这些遗产中有很大一部分是通过“个人主义”捏造出来的——一种基于女性的历史保护，它基于社会团体对历史纪念碑的价值观和信仰的应用 (42)。安·帕梅拉·坎宁安 (Ann Pamela Cunningham) 的弗农山女士协会 (Mount Vernon Ladies Association)，[结束第 169 页]弗吉尼亚花园俱乐部和美国革命之女是将他们以家庭为基础的文化价值观——基督教、家庭和爱国主义——应用于与美国民族主义和殖民主义相关的历史古迹的团体。在 1930 年代，这些遗址不仅仅是历史悠久的神社；它们成为了文化旅游景点。

1932年，纳奇兹花园俱乐部的女性在密西西比州开创了文化旅游产业。基于他们的个人主义，他们最初庆祝西班牙的殖民历史，但与 Greenfield Village 和 Colonial Williamsburg 的计划不同，这些计划展示了建筑群，这些中产阶级女性采用的方法将建筑遗产展示为个人小插曲，利用汽车展示给游客的遗产。他们创建的活动，即战前家园的纳奇兹春季朝圣，立即取得了成功；它保留了历史悠久的小镇，并展示了女性希望游客享受的遗产。1935 年，Natchez 花园俱乐部成员 Roane Fleming Byrnes 说服她的俱乐部同事购买并修复了一座废弃的建筑，并使其成为密西西比州第一个历史建筑景点 Connelly's Tavern。

然而，这座古老的木结构建筑从来都不是“康纳利酒馆”。1974 年，也就是它首次开放近四十年后，档案研究人员透露，它是一座非常古老的住宅，但不是殖民地小酒馆。“当然，发现这个错误令人震惊，并且很难停止将我们的总部视为'康纳利的小酒馆'，”玛格丽特·莫斯回答说，当时是纳奇兹花园俱乐部（卡尔弗）的前任主席。现在被称为“埃利科特山上的房子”，这座建筑正在进行最新的修复，纳奇兹花园俱乐部将把它展示为“旧西南”（多伊尔）的历史住宅。尽管它继续被描绘成殖民时期的纳奇兹神殿，但埃利科特山上的房子更好地体现了大萧条期间南部腹地的历史保护和文化旅游是如何发展的。[第 170 页]密西西比州的地标被开发出来，以及它如何成为 Natchez 花园俱乐部的女性想要向世界描绘的遗产斗争的体现。最后，我将考虑第一个保护和旅游建设项目对 20 世纪纳奇兹和密西西比州的遗产认知和商品化的影响。

第一次朝圣的成功

历史保护并不是美国女子花园俱乐部的初衷……