Two relationships were examined, the relationship between the achievement-related affect and causal attributions for success or failure and the relationship between the expectancy shift and causal ascriptions for success or failure. Subjects were 417 elementary school children, 459 junior high school students, and 175 college students. Two hypothetical boys or girls who received similar marks on an examination but who attributed the results to different causes (ability, effort or luck) were described in a booklet. Subjects were asked to judge which person feels more pleasant (or unpleasant) and which person should expect the same outcome on further similar exams. The method of dual scaling was applied to the paired-comparison data for each sample. Two-dimensional solutions were extracted in the positive affect with success, the expectancy of success after success and the expectancy of failure after failure. Whereas a unidimensional solution was extracted in the negative affect with failure. Developmental shifts were found for successful outcome.

研究了两种关系，成就相关的情感与成功或失败的因果归因之间的关系，以及预期转变与成功或失败的因果归因之间的关系。受试者为417名小学生、459名初中生和175名大学生。在一本小册子中描述了两个假设的男孩或女孩，他们在考试中获得了相似的分数，但将结果归因于不同的原因（能力、努力或运气）。受试者被要求判断哪个人感觉更愉快（或不愉快），以及哪个人在进一步类似的检查中应该期待相同的结果。双标度方法应用于每个样本的配对比较数据。成功提取了积极影响中的二维解决方案，成功后的成功预期和失败后的失败预期。而在失败的负面影响中提取了一维解决方案。发现了成功的结果的发展转变。