Given weak protections for whistleblowers in Brazil – a country with over one million federal civil servants and a well-known history of corruption scandals – how common is whistleblowing? This study presents results from a survey completed by 652 federal civil servants in Brazil. Examining the incidence of wrongdoing, whistleblowing, and retaliation, as well as the role of gender and public service motivation (PSM), we find that women tend to report wrongdoing less often than men, are less willing to engage in subsequent acts of whistleblowing, and experience more retaliation. Similar to previous studies, PSM is positively related to whistleblowing and retaliation diminishes intentions to engage in subsequent whistleblowing. Unlike previous studies, we find that PSM is more predictive of whistleblowing for women than for men. In contributing new findings to research on whistleblowing in lower to middle-income democracies, this paper contains important policy implications, particularly on the critical question of gender.

中文翻译：

---

在巴西揭发：性别和公共服务动机的影响

巴西是一个拥有超过 100 万联邦公务员且腐败丑闻众所周知的国家，鉴于对举报人的保护薄弱，举报现象有多普遍？本研究提供了由巴西 652 名联邦公务员完成的调查结果。通过考察不当行为、举报和报复的发生率，以及性别和公共服务动机 (PSM) 的作用，我们发现女性举报不当行为的频率往往低于男性，也不太愿意参与后续的举报行为，并遭受更多的报复。与之前的研究类似，PSM 与举报呈正相关，而报复会降低后续举报的意图。与之前的研究不同，我们发现 PSM 对女性举报的预测能力高于对男性的举报。在为中低收入民主国家的举报研究提供新发现的过程中，本文包含重要的政策含义，特别是在性别这一关键问题上。