Previous studies have shown that electrophysiological measures of error processing are affected in patients at risk or diagnosed with internalizing disorders, hence, suggesting that error processing could be a suitable biomarker for internalizing disorders. In this narrative review, we will evaluate studies that address the role of event-related potential (ERP) measures of error-processing in externalizing disorders and discuss to what extend these can be considered a biomarker for externalizing disorders. Currently, there is evidence for the notion that electrophysiological indices of error processing such as the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) are reduced in individuals with substance use disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and in forensic populations. However, it remains unclear whether this is also the case for other understudied disorders such as behavioral addiction. Furthermore, to fully understand how these deficits affect day to day behavior, we encourage research to focus on testing current theories and hypotheses of ERN and Pe. In addition, we argue that within an externalizing disorder, individual differences in error processing deficits may be related to prognosis and gender of the patient, methodological issues and presence of comorbidity. Next, we review studies that have related treatment trajectories with ERP measures of error processing, and we discuss the prospect of improving error processing as a treatment option. We conclude that ERP measures of error processing are candidate biomarkers for externalizing disorders, albeit we strongly urge researchers to continue looking into the predictive value of these measures in the etiology and treatment outcome through multi-method and longitudinal designs.

先前的研究表明，错误处理的电生理测量在有风险或被诊断患有内化障碍的患者中受到影响，因此，这表明错误处理可能是内化障碍的合适生物标志物。在这篇叙述性评论中，我们将评估处理事件相关电位 (ERP) 错误处理在外化障碍中的作用的研究，并讨论在多大程度上这些可以被视为外化障碍的生物标志物。目前，有证据表明错误处理的电生理指标，如错误相关负性 (ERN) 和错误正性 (Pe) 在物质使用障碍、注意力缺陷/多动障碍和法医人群中降低. 然而，目前尚不清楚这是否也适用于其他研究不足的疾病，如行为成瘾。此外，为了充分了解这些缺陷如何影响日常行为，我们鼓励研究重点测试 ERN 和 Pe 的当前理论和假设。此外，我们认为，在外化障碍中，错误处理缺陷的个体差异可能与患者的预后和性别、方法学问题和合并症的存在有关。接下来，我们回顾了与错误处理的 ERP 措施相关的治疗轨迹的研究，并讨论了改进错误处理作为一种治疗选择的前景。我们得出结论，错误处理的 ERP 测量是外化障碍的候选生物标志物，