Animal disease control has a long tradition in Finland. The country is free of all EU-regulated cattle diseases of categories A and B. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, enzootic bovine leucosis, bovine viral diarrhea, bluetongue, bovine genital campylobacteriosis, and trichomoniasis do not currently exist in the country. The prevalence of paratuberculosis, Mycoplasma bovis, salmonella infection, and Q-fever is low. The geographic location, cold climate, low cattle density, and limited animal imports have contributed to the favorable disease situation. Besides screening for selected regulated diseases, the national disease monitoring program includes periodic active monitoring of non-regulated diseases, which allows assessment of the need for new control measures. The detection of diseases through efficient passive surveillance also plays an important part in disease monitoring. The Finnish cattle population totals 850 000 animals kept on 9 300 cattle farms, with 62 000 suckler cows in 2 100 herds and 260 000 dairy cows in 6 300 herds. Animal Health ETT, an association owned by the dairy and meat industry, keeps a centralized cattle health care register. Animal Health ETT supervises cattle imports and trade within the country and runs voluntary control programs (CP) for selected diseases. Active co-operation between authorities, the cattle industry, Animal Health ETT, and herd health experts enables the efficient planning and implementation of CPs. CPs have been implemented for non-EU-regulated diseases such as salmonella, Mycoplasma bovis, ringworm, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The CP for salmonellosis is compulsory and includes all Salmonella serotypes and all cattle types. It has achieved the goal of keeping the salmonella prevalence under 1% of cattle herds. CPs for M. bovis, ringworm, and S. agalactiae are on a voluntary basis and privately funded. The CP for Mycoplasma was designed in collaboration with national experts and has been implemented since 2013. The CP includes observation of clinical signs, nasal swab sampling from calves, and bulk tank milk and clinical mastitis samples for M. bovis. M. bovis-negative herds gradually achieve lower status levels for M. bovis infection. The general challenge facing voluntary CPs is getting farms to join the programs.

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芬兰非欧盟监管的牛疾病控制计划概述

动物疾病控制在芬兰有着悠久的传统。该国没有所有受欧盟监管的 A 类和 B 类牛疾病。该国目前不存在传染性牛鼻气管炎、地方性牛白血病、牛病毒性腹泻、蓝舌病、牛生殖器弯曲杆菌病和滴虫病。副结核病、牛支原体、沙门氏菌感染和 Q 热的患病率很低。地理位置、寒冷的气候、低牛密度和有限的动物进口促成了有利的疾病形势。除了筛选选定的管制疾病外，国家疾病监测计划还包括对非管制疾病的定期主动监测，从而可以评估对新控制措施的需求。通过有效的被动监测发现疾病在疾病监测中也发挥着重要作用。芬兰的牛群共有 85 万头牲畜，饲养在 9 300 个牛场中，其中 2 100 个牛群中有 62 000 头乳牛，6 300 个牛群中有 260 000 头奶牛。Animal Health ETT 是一个由乳制品和肉类行业拥有的协会，拥有一个集中的牛保健登记册。Animal Health ETT 监督国内的牛进口和贸易，并针对选定的疾病运行自愿控制计划 (CP)。当局、养牛业、动物健康 ETT 和畜群健康专家之间的积极合作使 CP 的有效规划和实施成为可能。CP 已针对非欧盟管制的疾病实施，例如沙门氏菌、牛支原体、癣和无乳链球菌。沙门氏菌病 CP 是强制性的，包括所有沙门氏菌血清型和所有牛类型。实现了将沙门氏菌感染率控制在牛群1%以下的目标。牛分枝杆菌、癣菌和无乳链球菌的 CP 是在自愿基础上并由私人资助的。支原体 CP 是与国家专家合作设计的，自 2013 年开始实施。CP 包括临床症状观察、小牛鼻拭子采样以及牛分枝杆菌的散装罐牛奶和临床乳腺炎样本。牛分枝杆菌阴性畜群逐渐达到较低的牛分枝杆菌感染状态水平。自愿 CP 面临的普遍挑战是让农场加入这些计划。实现了将沙门氏菌感染率控制在牛群1%以下的目标。牛分枝杆菌、癣菌和无乳链球菌的 CP 是在自愿基础上并由私人资助的。支原体 CP 是与国家专家合作设计的，自 2013 年开始实施。CP 包括临床症状观察、小牛鼻拭子采样以及牛分枝杆菌的散装罐牛奶和临床乳腺炎样本。牛分枝杆菌阴性畜群逐渐达到较低的牛分枝杆菌感染状态水平。自愿 CP 面临的普遍挑战是让农场加入这些计划。实现了将沙门氏菌感染率控制在牛群1%以下的目标。牛分枝杆菌、癣菌和无乳链球菌的 CP 是在自愿基础上并由私人资助的。支原体 CP 是与国家专家合作设计的，自 2013 年开始实施。CP 包括临床症状观察、小牛鼻拭子采样以及牛分枝杆菌的散装罐牛奶和临床乳腺炎样本。牛分枝杆菌阴性畜群逐渐达到较低的牛分枝杆菌感染状态水平。自愿 CP 面临的普遍挑战是让农场加入这些计划。小牛的鼻拭子样本，以及牛分枝杆菌的散装罐牛奶和临床乳腺炎样本。牛分枝杆菌阴性畜群逐渐达到较低的牛分枝杆菌感染状态水平。自愿 CP 面临的普遍挑战是让农场加入这些计划。小牛的鼻拭子样本，以及牛分枝杆菌的散装罐牛奶和临床乳腺炎样本。牛分枝杆菌阴性畜群逐渐达到较低的牛分枝杆菌感染状态水平。自愿 CP 面临的普遍挑战是让农场加入这些计划。