Glioblastoma (GB) is an incurable form of brain malignancy in adult with a median survival of less than 15 months. Current standard of care, which consists of surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide, has been unsuccessful also due to an extensive inter- and intra-tumoral genetic and molecular heterogeneity. This aspect represents a serious obstacle for developing of alternative therapeutic options for GB. In the last years, immunotherapy has emerged as effective treatment for a wide range of cancers and several trials have evaluated its effects in GB patients. Unfortunately, clinical outcomes were disappointing particularly because of the presence of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recently, anti-cancer approaches aimed to improve the expression and the activity of RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) have emerged. These innovative therapeutic strategies attempt to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor antigens and to promote the apoptosis of cancer cells. Indeed, RLRs are important mediators of innate immune system by triggering the type I interferon (IFN) response upon recognition of immunostimulatory RNAs. In this mini-review, we discuss the functions of RLRs family members in the control of immune response and we focus on the potential clinical application of RLRs agonists as a promising strategy for GB therapy.

中文翻译：

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利用RIG-I样受体的激活抑制胶质母细胞瘤的发生

胶质母细胞瘤 (GB) 是一种无法治愈的成人脑恶性肿瘤，中位生存期不到 15 个月。目前的护理标准，包括手术切除、放疗和化疗与替莫唑胺，也由于广泛的肿瘤间和肿瘤内遗传和分子异质性而未成功。这方面代表了开发 GB 替代治疗方案的严重障碍。在过去几年中，免疫疗法已成为多种癌症的有效治疗方法，并且有几项试验评估了其在 GB 患者中的效果。不幸的是，临床结果令人失望，特别是因为存在肿瘤免疫抑制微环境。最近，出现了旨在提高 RIG-I 样受体 (RLR) 表达和活性的抗癌方法。这些创新的治疗策略试图刺激针对肿瘤抗原的先天性和适应性免疫反应，并促进癌细胞的凋亡。事实上，RLR 是先天免疫系统的重要介质，通过在识别免疫刺激性 RNA 时触发 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 反应。在这篇小型综述中，我们讨论了 RLRs 家族成员在控制免疫反应中的功能，我们重点关注 RLRs 激动剂作为 GB 治疗有前景的策略的潜在临床应用。RLR 是先天免疫系统的重要介质，通过在识别免疫刺激性 RNA 时触发 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 反应。在这篇小型综述中，我们讨论了 RLRs 家族成员在控制免疫反应中的功能，我们重点关注 RLRs 激动剂作为 GB 治疗有前景的策略的潜在临床应用。RLR 是先天免疫系统的重要介质，通过在识别免疫刺激性 RNA 时触发 I 型干扰素 (IFN) 反应。在这篇小型综述中，我们讨论了 RLRs 家族成员在控制免疫反应中的功能，我们重点关注 RLRs 激动剂作为 GB 治疗有前景的策略的潜在临床应用。