The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic herbicides for weed control, has led the scientific community to an increased interest for plant allelopathic mechanisms. The utilisation of plant extracts as possible bioherbicides represents an important solution. In the present study, laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate, for the first time, the differences in the allelopathic activity of the three Cynara cardunculus L. botanical varieties (globe artichoke, cultivated and wild cardoon) leaf aqueous extracts on the seedling growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. In addition, the autoallelopathic effect on wild cardoon growth and the qualitative profile of the aqueous extract through high-performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) analysis were evaluated. Overall, the allelopathic effects were both genotype- and weed species-dependent. Wild cardoon showed the highest allelopathic potential (–23.4%), followed by cultivated cardoon and globe artichoke, and P. oleracea was the most sensitive target species (–32%). Besides, root system length was the most affected parameter (–32.6%). The autoallelopathic effect of wild cardoon extract was also demonstrated on root system length, hypocotyl and epicotyl length and total dry weight. C. cardunculus leaf aqueous extract was characterised by 5 sesquiterpene lactones, 2 caffeoylquinic acids, 6 flavones and 1 lignan. From the HPLC analysis we found that apigenin and luteolin 7-Oglucoronide were detected only in wild cardoon, apigenin 7-Oglucoside was typic of globe artichoke, and 11,13-dihydro-deacylcynaropicrin and 11,13-dihydroxi-8-deoxygrosheimin were characteristics of cultivated cardoon.

中文翻译：

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Cynara cardunculus L. 叶水提物对两种世界杂草幼苗生长的化感作用

寻找用于控制杂草的合成除草剂的可持续替代品，使科学界对植物化感作用机制越来越感兴趣。利用植物提取物作为可能的生物除草剂是一个重要的解决方案。在本研究中，首次进行了实验室实验，研究了三种 Cynara cardunculus L. 植物品种（朝鲜蓟、栽培和野生刺猬）叶水提取物对幼苗生长的化感活性差异。 Amaranthus retroflexus L. 和 Portulaca oleracea L. 此外，通过高效液相色谱 (HPLC) 分析评估了对野生刺猬生长的自身化感作用和水提取物的定性特征。全面的，化感作用依赖于基因型和杂草种类。野生刺猬表现出最高的化感潜力 (–23.4%)，其次是栽培的刺猬和朝鲜蓟，而 P. oleracea 是最敏感的目标物种 (–32%)。此外，根系长度是受影响最大的参数（–32.6%）。野生刺猬提取物对根系长度、下胚轴和上胚轴长度以及总干重的自身化感作用也得到了证明。C.cardunculus 叶水提取物的特征是 5 倍半萜内酯、2 咖啡酰奎宁酸、6 黄酮和 1 木脂素。HPLC分析发现芹菜素和木犀草素7-Oglucoronide仅在野生刺猬中检测到，芹菜素7-Oglucoside是朝鲜蓟的典型成分，11,13-dihydro-deacylcynaropicrin和11,