Zinc (Zn) plays a vital role in biological systems. Plants require an appropriate balance of this essential micronutrient for growth and optimum yield. This study focused on the effectiveness of foliar application of Zn combined with inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on morphological, physiological traits and yield parameters of barley cultivars during the 2015-2016 growing season. In this factorial experiment, different forms of foliar applied ZnO (nil, nano Zn, ordinary Zn and nano+ordinary Zn) and inoculation with AM fungi (nil, Glomus mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis) were investigated for two barley cultivars (Yusuf and Julgeh). The two cultivars differed in response to the form of foliar Zn applied and inoculation with the two commercial inocula of AM fungi. The major responses were significant increases in chlorophyll content (107%), soluble sugar (227%), grain Zn concentration (217%), carbonic anhydrase activity (128%) and grain phytase activity (65%) for cultivar Julgeh inoculated with G. mosseae when sprayed with nano ZnO compared with control. Cultivar Julgeh inoculated with G. mosseae had physiological traits more likely to enhance productivity and economical yield than did cultivar Yusuf that invested more in root traits and vegetative growth. Consequently, the nano form of Zn positively increased root and shoot morphological parameters, physiological parameters and grain Zn concentration, but the ordinary form of Zn enhanced yields and yield parameters. While foliar Zn application and inoculation with AM fungi significantly enhanced all measured parameters, the forms of Zn and inoculation with the two different AM fungi differed in their effectiveness.

中文翻译：

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锌肥和菌根接种对两个大麦品种形态生理性状和产量参数的影响

锌 (Zn) 在生物系统中起着至关重要的作用。植物需要这种必需微量营养素的适当平衡才能生长和获得最佳产量。本研究的重点是叶面喷施锌联合丛枝菌根 (AM) 真菌接种对 2015-2016 生长季大麦品种形态、生理性状和产量参数的影响。在这个析因实验中，对两个大麦品种（Yusuf 和 Julgeh）进行了不同形式的叶面喷施 ZnO（无、纳米 Zn、普通 Zn 和纳米 + 普通 Zn）和接种 AM 真菌（无、Glomus mosseae 和 Rhizophagus invoiceis） . 这两个品种的不同之处在于叶面施用锌的形式和接种两种 AM 真菌的商业接种物。主要反应是叶绿素含量 (107%)、可溶性糖 (227%)、谷物锌浓度 (217%)、碳酸酐酶活性 (128%) 和谷物植酸酶活性 (65%) 的显着增加，对于接种 G 的品种 Julgeh . 与对照相比，喷洒纳米 ZnO 时的苔藓植物。接种 G. mosseae 的品种 Julgeh 比在根性状和营养生长方面投入更多的品种 Yusuf 具有更可能提高生产力和经济产量的生理性状。因此，纳米形式的锌积极增加根和芽形态参数、生理参数和籽粒锌浓度，但普通形式的锌提高产量和产量参数。虽然叶面喷锌和接种 AM 真菌显着提高了所有测量参数，