To counteract fluoride (F) stress-induced adverse effects on plants, one approach is the application of exogenous potential osmoprotectants such as proline (Pro) and glycinebetaine (GB). This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of exogenous application of Pro and GB on germination and growth of common bean seeds after potassium fluoride (KF) and sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure. The study was replicated under two different temperatures: the normal temperature required for seeds growth (20°C) and a higher (25°C) favorable for bean cultivation in Africa, the region most polluted with F. The results indicated that the beneficial effects of external supply of Pro and GB varied depending on temperature and the source of salt stress. NaF showed a more toxic effect than KF on growth of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds. Overall, Pro was more effective than GB to alleviate the undesirable effect of salt stress on morphological attributes under NaF stress (improving by 50% and 39% the length and the number of lateral roots), and especially at higher temperature the recovery role of Pro and GB was more relevant reaching the same value found under control conditions for the length of hypocotyl (3.28 cm).

中文翻译：

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首次发现外源添加脯氨酸和甘氨酸甜菜碱以减轻氟对普通豆苗的毒性影响

为了抵消氟化物 (F) 胁迫对植物的不利影响，一种方法是应用外源性潜在渗透保护剂，如脯氨酸 (Pro) 和甘氨酸甜菜碱 (GB)。本试验旨在评价外源施用Pro和GB对氟化钾（KF）和氟化钠（NaF）暴露后普通豆类种子萌发和生长的影响。该研究在两种不同的温度下进行了重复：种子生长所需的正常温度 (20°C) 和有利于非洲豆类种植的较高温度 (25°C)，该地区是 F 污染最严重的地区。 Pro 和 GB 的外部供应取决于温度和盐胁迫的来源。NaF 对菜豆种子的生长表现出比 KF 更大的毒性作用。全面的，