Warm season turfgrasses can be grown successfully in the transition zone, but dormancy occurs to some extent during the winter. Overseeding with cool-season turfgrasses is necessary if winter dormancy of warm season turfgrasses is not tolerated. The increasing availability of zoysiagrass cultivars has enabled this genus to be considered suitable for low-maintenance golf courses, especially for golf tees and golf fairways. On the other hand, zoysiagrasses have the most rigid leaves of all turfgrass species, followed by bermudagrasses and by the other warm season turf species. Thus, to have a high mowing quality, mowers working constantly on zoysiagrasses require more sharpening than mowers working on other grasses. Rotary mowers are not suitable for mowing at low heights and often result in scalping, while reel mowers perform optimal mowing at a short height (below 2.5 cm) but require accurate management and frequent sharpening. Autonomous mowers have proven to produce a superior turf quality compared with traditional walk-behind rotary mowers, but no autonomous mower has ever been tested at a low mowing height on an overseeded warm season turfgrass. Because of this, the trial was carried out to simulate a golf tee overseeded with cool season turfgrasses, with low input fertilisation rates and with one of the most difficult turf species to mow; i.e. Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. The trial was carried out in San Piero a Grado (Pisa, Italy) from October 2016 to October 2018. After a two-year period the best turf quality was achieved with Festuca rubra L. ssp. cultivars among the overseeded species, especially during fall. In many cases turf quality increased after manila grass green up since the combination of both cool season and warm season species gave a higher quality to the turfgrass, due to the finer leaf texture and higher shoot density of some cool season species. Moreover, recovery of manila grass ground cover was satisficing. In conclusion, a polystand of manila grass and Festuca rubra ssp. could be suitable for golf tees with low-input management.

中文翻译：

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密割对马尼拉草和凉季草坪草的地面覆盖和质量的影响

暖季型草坪草可以在过渡区成功种植，但在冬季会出现一定程度的休眠。如果不能容忍暖季型草坪草的冬季休眠，则有必要使用冷季型草坪草进行播种。结缕草品种的日益普及使该属被认为适用于低维护高尔夫球场，尤其是高尔夫球座和高尔夫球场。另一方面，结缕草的叶子在所有草坪草种中最坚硬，其次是百慕大草和其他暖季草坪种。因此，为了获得较高的割草质量，经常在结缕草上工作的割草机比在其他草上工作的割草机需要更多的锐化。旋转式割草机不适合在低高度割草，经常导致剥皮，而滚刀割草机在较短的高度（低于 2.5 厘米）执行最佳割草，但需要准确管理和频繁磨刀。与传统的手扶式旋转割草机相比，自主式割草机已被证明可生产出更优质的草坪，但还没有任何自主式割草机在交割的暖季草坪草上进行过低割草高度的测试。正因为如此，进行试验是为了模拟一个高尔夫球座，上面覆盖着凉爽的季节草坪草，施肥率低，并且是最难修剪的草皮物种之一；即结缕草 (L.) Merr。该试验于 2016 年 10 月至 2018 年 10 月在 San Piero a Grado（意大利比萨）进行。两年后，Festuca rubra L. ssp. 达到了最佳草坪质量。杂交种中的栽培品种，尤其是在秋季。在许多情况下，马尼拉草变绿后草皮质量会提高，因为凉季和暖季物种的结合赋予草坪草更高的质量，这是由于一些冷季物种的叶片质地更细，枝条密度更高。此外，马尼拉草地面覆盖的恢复令人满意。总之，马尼拉草和 Festuca rubra ssp 的 polystand。可能适用于低投入管理的高尔夫球座。