Motivated by upper echelon theory, this paper aims to examine the association between gender and the cannabis industry in the USA from both policy and an organizational perspective.,This paper examines two novel data sets in two legal adult-use cannabis states. First, it examines how city council gender diversity relates to city opt-out measure decisions, barring cannabis operations and forgoing related tax revenues. Second, it examines how management gender diversity relates to organizational performance.,Results suggest that, from a policy perspective, cities with higher council gender diversity are less likely to propose an opt-out measure to city taxpayers. From an organizational perspective, results suggest that female representation at the highest level is associated with higher sales in the retail sector of the cannabis industry.,Findings are somewhat limited by data availability and may not be generalizable to all adult-use legal states. While the study recognizes the possibility of self-selection bias in the results, robust analyses is performed to limit this possibility. Finally, while the study wholly recognizes that gender is not binary, it is limited to a binary gender variable based on the gender recognition software used in this study. It is also understood that this may not accurately capture the richness of a more inclusive examination of gender.,Results from this study inform communities on the impact of city council gender diversity on policy outcomes and related tax revenue levels. Further, results inform the adult-use cannabis industry on benefits derived from executive-level gender diversity.,Evidence suggests that gender diversity has a significant impact on the adoption of legalized adult-use cannabis policy. Social benefits from legalization potentially include increased revenues from taxes, decreased spending on cannabis enforcement, decreased health costs and decreased drug-related violence. Many of these benefits substantially impact communities disproportionally burdened by former prohibition. Additionally, the results indicate that gender is associated with the level of sales within cannabis organizations, generating debate about the possibility of economic performance in the absence of historical executive gender barriers.,This paper provides an initial empirical examination of gender diversity within and around the rapidly evolving adult-use cannabis industry in the USA.

中文翻译：

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美国的大麻产业：性别对大麻政策和销售的影响

受高层理论的启发，本文旨在从政策和组织的角度研究性别与美国大麻产业之间的关联。本文研究了两个合法成人使用大麻州的两个新数据集。首先，它研究了市议会性别多样性与城市选择退出措施决定、禁止大麻经营和放弃相关税收的关系。其次，它考察了管理性别多样性与组织绩效之间的关系。,结果表明，从政策的角度来看，具有较高议会性别多样性的城市不太可能向城市纳税人提出选择退出措施。从组织的角度来看，结果表明最高级别的女性代表与大麻行业零售部门的更高销售额有关。结果在某种程度上受到数据可用性的限制，可能无法推广到所有成人使用的法律州。虽然该研究认识到结果中存在自我选择偏差的可能性，但我们进行了稳健的分析以限制这种可能性。最后，虽然该研究完全认识到性别不是二元的，但它仅限于基于本研究中使用的性别识别软件的二元性别变量。另据了解，这可能无法准确反映更具包容性的性别检查的丰富性。本研究的结果向社区通报了市议会性别多样性对政策结果和相关税收水平的影响。此外，结果为成人大麻产业提供了高管级别性别多样性带来的好处。有证据表明，性别多样性对采用成人大麻合法化政策具有重大影响。合法化带来的社会效益可能包括增加税收收入、减少大麻执法支出、减少医疗成本和减少与毒品有关的暴力行为。其中许多好处对因以前的禁令而负担过重的社区产生了重大影响。此外，结果表明性别与大麻组织内的销售水平相关，引发了关于在没有历史执行性别障碍的情况下经济表现的可能性的辩论。本文对大麻组织内部和周围的性别多样性进行了初步实证检验。美国快速发展的成人用大麻产业。合法化带来的社会效益可能包括增加税收收入、减少大麻执法支出、减少医疗成本和减少与毒品有关的暴力行为。其中许多好处对因以前的禁令而负担过重的社区产生了重大影响。此外，结果表明性别与大麻组织内的销售水平相关，引发了关于在没有历史执行性别障碍的情况下经济表现的可能性的辩论。本文对大麻组织内部和周围的性别多样性进行了初步实证检验。美国快速发展的成人用大麻产业。合法化带来的社会效益可能包括增加税收收入、减少大麻执法支出、减少医疗成本和减少与毒品有关的暴力行为。其中许多好处对因以前的禁令而负担过重的社区产生了重大影响。此外，结果表明性别与大麻组织内的销售水平相关，引发了关于在没有历史执行性别障碍的情况下经济表现可能性的辩论。本文对大麻组织内部和周围的性别多样性进行了初步实证检验。美国快速发展的成人用大麻产业。减少医疗费用和减少与毒品有关的暴力行为。其中许多好处对因以前的禁令而负担过重的社区产生了重大影响。此外，结果表明性别与大麻组织内的销售水平相关，引发了关于在没有历史执行性别障碍的情况下经济表现的可能性的辩论。本文对大麻组织内部和周围的性别多样性进行了初步实证检验。美国快速发展的成人用大麻产业。减少医疗费用和减少与毒品有关的暴力行为。其中许多好处对因以前的禁令而负担过重的社区产生了重大影响。此外，结果表明性别与大麻组织内的销售水平相关，引发了关于在没有历史执行性别障碍的情况下经济表现的可能性的辩论。本文对大麻组织内部和周围的性别多样性进行了初步实证检验。美国快速发展的成人用大麻产业。