From the mid-nineteenth century onwards, the mobilization of knowledge as an adjunct to modern state power became essential to imperial projects worldwide. As traditional empires consolidated colonial rule by backing administrative legal structures with coercive policing and military force, they found that legitimacy also called for legibility. The gathering and creation of information about local custom and habit, indigenous structures of power and productive practices that could be ‘improved’, resources that could be exploited – such forms of knowledge facilitated governance, whether by engaging local elites in the colonial project, displacing and supplanting existing structures of political authority, extending systems of surveillance and control, or otherwise expanding the reach of imperial rule. Empires combined hard with soft power, producing a cohort of trained imperial agents in metropolitan institutions – universities, foundations, and, in the post-WorldWar II period, international organizations, think tanks –whose fieldwork aided the projection of power abroad. Our mutual interests in science, nation-building, the movement of knowledge, and the global dimensions of power (whether in national or colonial contexts, or the blurred boundaries between the two) have brought the editors of this special issue together to reflect upon the twentieth-century history of knowledge and empire. In particular, we take inter-imperial collaboration as our organizing theme, in order to explore the extent to which the global project of empire rested upon, and even required, interchange and joint action among colonial powers. As Anne L. Foster has noted, studies of imperialism have generally confined themselves to the colonizer-colonized dyad, and the scholarly literature has only just begun to consider the forms of collaboration between empires that shaped the age of high imperialism. This volume foregrounds inter-imperial relations as a framework for understanding global movements of science, technology, and expertise. It moves beyond our earlier concerns with nineteenth-century US nation-building, and twentieth-century nation-building worldwide, to engage in an ongoing reassessment of the place of the Cold War in our historical imagination, this time focused on the production, circulation, and inter-imperial sharing of expert knowledge at diverse sites from the late nineteenth century into the 1960s. Multiple forms of inter-imperial collaboration operated in tandem with the political rivalries that so often marked the Age of Empire. Imperial governments found that they

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知识帝国：介绍

从 19 世纪中叶开始，作为现代国家权力附属物的知识动员对于全世界的帝国计划变得至关重要。当传统帝国通过强制的警务和军事力量支持行政法律结构来巩固殖民统治时，他们发现合法性也需要可读性。收集和创造关于当地习俗和习惯、可以“改进”的土著权力结构和生产实践、可以利用的资源的信息——这些知识形式促进了治理，无论是通过让当地精英参与殖民项目，取代并取代现有的政治权威结构，扩展监视和控制系统，或以其他方式扩大帝国统治的范围。帝国硬实力与软实力相结合，在大都会机构——大学、基金会，以及二战后的国际组织、智囊团——培养出一批训练有素的帝国特工，他们的实地考察有助于向国外投射权力。我们在科学、国家建设、知识运动和全球权力维度（无论是在国家或殖民背景下，还是两者之间的模糊界限）方面的共同利益使本期特刊的编辑们聚在一起反思二十世纪的知识和帝国史。特别是，我们将帝国间合作作为我们的组织主题，以探索帝国的全球工程在多大程度上依赖甚至需要殖民列强之间的交流和联合行动。正如安妮·L·福斯特 (Anne L. Foster) 所指出的，对帝国主义的研究通常仅限于殖民者殖民的二元组，学术文献才刚刚开始考虑塑造高帝国主义时代的帝国之间的合作形式。本书将帝国间关系作为理解全球科学、技术和专业知识运动的框架。它超越了我们早先对 19 世纪美国国家建设和 20 世纪世界国家建设的关注，对冷战在我们历史想象中的位置进行了持续的重新评估，这次的重点是生产、流通以及从 19 世纪末到 1960 年代在不同地点的帝国间专家知识共享。多种形式的帝国间合作与经常标志着帝国时代的政治竞争相结合。帝国政府发现他们