ABSTRACT Between the second half of the nineteenth century and the 1930s, German piano making changed from a craft to an industry. Nevertheless, piano makers still needed specific working knowledge to produce quality instruments. This knowledge was bound to individuals and transmitted informally from one person to another. The piano makers took working knowledge as the core of their practice. But in the shift to industrial methods of production, the key question was how to translate working knowledge into formal knowledge—to articulate what such knowledge meant and how it might be applied. Using the case study of the German piano making factory Grotrian-Steinweg, I show how the piano maker Kurt Grotrian used his notebooks to grapple with the problem of formalizing his working knowledge. At this company, an acoustic laboratory was established, in whose reports formalized knowledge was stored due to the transition of piano making from a craft to an industry.

中文翻译：

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笔记本和实验室——德国钢琴制造的知识类型，1880-1930

摘要 19 世纪下半叶至 1930 年代，德国钢琴制造从手工艺转变为工业。尽管如此，钢琴制造商仍然需要特定的工作知识来生产高质量的乐器。这种知识与个人有关，并非正式地从一个人传给另一个人。钢琴制造商以工作知识为实践核心。但在向工业生产方法的转变中，关键问题是如何将工作知识转化为正式知识——阐明这些知识的含义以及如何应用它。通过德国钢琴制造厂 Grotrian-Steinweg 的案例研究，我展示了钢琴制造商 Kurt Grotrian 如何使用他的笔记本来解决将他的工作知识形式化的问题。在这家公司，建立了一个声学实验室，