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Drivers of Community Resilience to Natural Hazards: The Experience in Southern Chile
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-21 , DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2019.1615348 Paula Villagra 1
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-21 , DOI: 10.1080/00139157.2019.1615348 Paula Villagra 1
Affiliation
International trade, climate change, and stakeholders with different residential, commercial, and industrial needs are having major impacts on the development and redevelopment of communities, especially those in coastal zones.1 Although their physical, cultural, and biological diversity makes coastal areas particularly attractive for entrepreneurial activities that favor human development and survival, the magnitude of the effects of natural processes and economic demands highlight the vulnerability of coastal zones as never before. The effects of these pressures for economic and residential activities have reached dramatic proportions especially in developing countries, where the tensions between development and protection impair the sustainable use of the coastal zones. Compounding the vulnerability is the increasing frequency of natural hazards in many of these coastal regions that result in devastating human consequences for communities.2 Coastal development strategies rarely consider building resilient communities to natural hazards, or enhancing the resilience that already exists. The “resilience thinking” approach (e.g., the capacity to cope and adapt to extreme events without losing structure, function, or identity3) has become the de facto framework to improve preparation, response, and recovery after a disaster4 and has become recognized worldwide as an element in disaster risk reduction.5 The current challenge for local governments in coastal areas is to reconcile economic, social, and environmental interests with the development of disaster-resilient communities in these highly vulnerable environments. The emergence of adaptive coastal governance is a response to this type of intractable conflict among policy, people, and nature. Given the context of rapid change and uncertainty, the management of coastal zones requires governance structures that are flexible to accommodate shifts in the ecosystem dynamics, social processes, but more importantly their intersection as socioecological systems.6 In coastal areas, the achievement of adaptive governance necessitates a focus on three elements: (a) using more integrative and interpretable science; (b) integrating and balancing multiple interests in public policy; and (c) more centralized and collaborative decision making to advance common interests to reduce fragmented structures and outcomes.7 By addressing all three elements, the messiness of governance can be overcome, especially in developing countries (i.e., a mixture of hierarchical, moderately collaborative, and some integrated management8). This article describes the challenges in implementing resilience in the highly vulnerable coastal areas in developing countries such as Chile and suggests an approach for achieving adaptive governance using a case study of coastal areas in the Los Ríos Region, Chile. The article provides the historical background for development given the risk and impact of natural hazards (earthquakes, tsunamis, and flooding) that have influenced the region and presents the relationship
更新日期：2019-06-21
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