ABSTRACT Although genre is one of the most extensively employed concepts in various disciplines, only a few attempts have been made to classify images in the press, providing either a palette of thematic categories similar to those of photography competitions or theory-based classifications, which often ignore certain types of photographs. In addition, no studies have suggested the genre typology as a tool for the interpretation of journalistic photographs. Based on a literature review and visual material analysis from the Polish daily Gazeta Wyborcza, this study compiles a typology that sets out four photo-genres: news photography, reportage photography, portrait photography and illustrative photography, with related photo-types. The criteria used to distinguish certain photo-types are based on differences in the visual content of photographs, their context, layout of display, number of images, and their fulfillment of informative, expressive, impressive, esthetic, illustrative or marketing functions. As a result, the study describes each genre and type separately, illustrated by visual samples. The conclusion is that although genres have a tendency to merge and create hybrids, and thus, any attempt at classifying them leads to certain generalizations, the typology can be applied as a tool in visual literacy education to facilitate students’ interpretation of journalistic photographs.

中文翻译：

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通过对照片类型的解释来提高视觉素养：走向新闻照片的类型学

摘要 尽管类型是各个学科中使用最广泛的概念之一，但只有少数尝试对媒体中的图像进行分类，提供类似于摄影比赛的主题类别或基于理论的分类的调色板，通常忽略某些类型的照片。此外，没有研究表明将体裁类型学作为解释新闻照片的工具。根据波兰日报 Gazeta Wyborcza 的文献综述和视觉材料分析，本研究编制了一种类型学，其中列出了四种照片类型：新闻摄影、报道摄影、肖像摄影和说明性摄影，以及相关的照片类型。用于区分某些照片类型的标准是基于照片视觉内容的差异，它们的背景、展示布局、图像数量，以及它们对信息、表现力、令人印象深刻、美观、说明或营销功能的实现。因此，该研究分别描述了每个流派和类型，并通过视觉样本进行了说明。结论是，尽管流派有融合和创造混合体的趋势，因此，对它们进行分类的任何尝试都会导致某些概括，但类型学可以用作视觉素养教育的工具，以促进学生对新闻照片的解释。