This article focuses on reviewing energy law education in the UK. For such a fast-growing discipline it is important to reflect on the features that give cohesiveness to its curriculum development: how it is taught; who is teaching it and where it is being taught; and what content is given to the curriculum offered? Is it, for example, national in focus or international, or both? A recent review on the state of energy law education in the US demonstrates the scale and ambition of energy law education in that country. This article complements that exercise by providing a review of energy law education in the UK as at 2016. By comparing and contrasting the two approaches, we can glean some distinctive features of the UK approach. More research is needed on energy law education but from this article it is clear that energy law has taken a foothold in legal education in the UK. 1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N Energy law is one of the fastest growing areas in legal practice and in academia. There are many reasons for this and an exploration of them forms part of the motivation for this article. For such a fast-growing discipline, it is also important to reflect on the features that give cohesiveness to its curriculum development: how it is taught; who is teaching it and where it is being taught; and what content is given to the curriculum offered? Is it, for example, national in focus or international, or both? A recent review on the state of energy law education in the USA, ‘Energy Law Education in the U.S.: An Overview and Recommendations’ (the US Review), demonstrates the scale and ambition of energy law education in that country. This article complements that exercise by providing a review of energy law education in the UK as at 2016. By comparing and contrasting the two approaches, we can glean some distinctive features of the UK approach. In the USA, there exists an ‘Energy Bar Association’ that is comprised of professionals and academics; however, no comparable association exists in the UK. More recently, in 2015, academics and practitioners formed the ‘UK Energy Law and Policy Association’, which aims to bridge the gap between energy law * Raphael J. Heffron is Jean Monnet Chair in Energy & Natural Resources Law & Policy at the Energy and Natural Resources Law Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK. Email: r.heffron@qmul.ac.uk ** Peter Roberts, Partner at Orrick LLP and active Oil and Gas Law Practitioner. Email: proberts@orrick.com *** Peter Cameron is Professor of International Energy Law & Policy and Director of the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy, University of Dundee, UK. Email: p.d.cameron@dundee.ac.uk **** Angus Johnston, Professor of Law and Hoffmann Fellow in Law, University College and Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, UK. Email: angus.johnston@law.ox.ac.uk 1 US Energy Bar Association (Donna Attanasio, Committee Chair), ‘Energy Law Education in the U.S.: An Overview and Recommendations’ (2015) 36 Energy Law Journal, 217–60. 2 US Energy Bar Association (EBA) accessed 5 September 2016. 3 UK Energy Law and Policy Association accessed 5 September 2016. VC The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the AIPN. All rights reserved. 346 Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 2016, 9, 346–356 doi: 10.1093/jwelb/jww025 Article at U niersity of D udee on O cber 7, 2016 htp://jw elb.oxfournals.org/ D ow nladed from academics and practitioners. This mixed constituency contrasts with that of the ‘US Energy Bar Association’, which has its roots directly in private practice. It may be noted that there are several other energy-related associations in the UK, but these take as their focal point a specific energy source: for example, nuclear energy and petroleum. Our approach is to take the structure of the Energy Bar Association report and compare education on energy law between the two jurisdictions. The article begins with some reflections on what energy law means in the respective jurisdictions and notes what is arguably distinct about the UK approach (Section 2). It then provides an overview of energy law scholarship in the UK, exploring what it is and how it has developed (Section 3). It goes on to examine what the purpose of offering an energy law curriculum is (Section 4), before discussing how the awareness of the field of energy law has developed in the UK (Section 5). In this context, it details its institutional expansion through the emergence of distinct university-based centres of Energy Law; new Energy Law programmes; centres with Environmental and Climate Change Law; new academic positions; and academic and practitioner events in this specialist field. A brief summary follows of the teaching of energy law and what programmes and modules are available (Section 6). The penultimate section focuses on how energy law education engages with practitioners and offers some pathways forward (Section 7). Finally, it takes a look at the future and particularly considers the conclusions reached by the US Review and their relevance to the positioning of energy law education and practice in the UK. 2 . W H A T I S E N E R G Y L A W ? There has been little reflection on what energy law actually is by the academic community in the UK. This is not unusual. A brief examination of many of the key texts in energy law whether they focus on Australia, the EU or the USA reveals that few elaborate on what energy law is. Indeed, many of the general texts on energy law are in their second or third (or even later) editions and they do not actually engage in the debate. Even among the few exceptions, the authors have only inserted it into the later editions (ie in the second, third or fourth editions) by way of contributing to the discussion. In this respect, the US Review provides some guidance or at least a starting point for a reflection process. It describes energy law as ‘a multi-faceted set of statutes, regulation and federal and state policies that govern the development and use of energy resources and energy-related facilities and the pricing of services from those facilities’. Energy law covers ‘the development of natural resources used to produce energy, project finance and other financing structures related to energy facilities development, the reliable transportation and delivery of energy to consumers, the regulation and pricing of energy services provided to the public, the development of state and federal policy to promote or discourage the use of particular types of energy resources, the formulation and operation of both domestic and world markets to promote the efficient pricing and allocation of resources ranging from oil to natural gas to electricity, and policies to promote the efficient use of energy in the populace.’ 4 This is led by the UK group of the International Nuclear Lawyers Association accessed 5 September 2016. 5 This is led by the UK group of the Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN) accessed 5 September 2016. 6 Early academic literature on what energy law is seems to have originated in Australia, for example: A Bradbrook, ‘Energy Law as an Academic Discipline’ (1996) 14(2) Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law, 193–217. 7 Readers will find that there are c 12–15 key texts on energy law and most focus on these countries—the USA, EU and Australia— although increasingly there are others. 8 For example, in J Eisen and others, Energy, Economics and the Environment: Cases and Materials (4th edn, Foundation Press 2015); however, in the first edition of SB Zellmer and JG Laitos, Natural Resources Law (West Academic Publishing 2014). However, it should be noted that in Roggenkamp and others, Energy Law in Europe (3rd edn, OUP 2016) there is a very brief discussion of what energy law is, and it has remained that way throughout each edition, but the discussion is very limited. 9 US Energy Bar Association (n 1) 220. 10 ibid. A review of energy law education in the UK 347 at U niersity of D udee on O cber 7, 2016 htp://jw elb.oxfournals.org/ D ow nladed from

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英国能源法教育回顾

本文重点回顾英国的能源法教育。对于这样一个快速发展的学科，重要的是要反思为其课程开发提供凝聚力的特征：如何教授；谁在教它，在哪里教；所提供的课程有哪些内容？例如，它是国家重点还是国际重点，还是两者兼而有之？最近对美国能源法教育状况的审查表明了该国能源法教育的规模和雄心。本文通过回顾英国截至 2016 年的能源法教育来补充该练习。通过比较和对比两种方法，我们可以收集英国方法的一些显着特征。需要对能源法教育进行更多研究，但从本文中可以清楚地看出，能源法已在英国的法律教育中站稳脚跟。1 . 引言 能源法是法律实践和学术界发展最快的领域之一。造成这种情况的原因有很多，对它们的探索构成了本文动机的一部分。对于这样一个快速发展的学科，反思使其课程发展具有凝聚力的特征也很重要：如何教授；谁在教它，在哪里教；所提供的课程有哪些内容？例如，它是国家重点还是国际重点，还是两者兼而有之？最近关于美国能源法教育状况的评论，“美国能源法教育：概述和建议”（美国评论），展示了该国能源法教育的规模和雄心。本文通过回顾英国截至 2016 年的能源法教育来补充该练习。通过比较和对比这两种方法，我们可以收集英国方法的一些显着特征。在美国，有一个由专业人士和学者组成的“能源律师协会”；然而，在英国不存在类似的协会。最近，在 2015 年，学者和从业者成立了“英国能源法律和政策协会”，旨在弥合能源法之间的差距 * Raphael J. Heffron 是能源与自然资源法律与政策方面的 Jean Monnet 主席，以及英国伦敦玛丽女王大学自然资源法研究所。电子邮件：r.heffron@qmul.ac.uk ** Peter Roberts，Orrick LLP 合伙人，活跃的石油和天然气法律从业者。电子邮件：proberts@orrick.com *** Peter Cameron 是英国邓迪大学国际能源法与政策教授兼能源、石油和矿产法律与政策中心主任。电子邮件：pdcameron@dundee.ac.uk **** Angus Johnston，英国牛津大学法学院法学教授和霍夫曼法学研究员。电子邮件：angus.johnston@law.ox.ac.uk 1 美国能源律师协会（Donna Attanasio，委员会主席），“美国能源法教育：概述和建议”（2015 年）36 能源法杂志，217–60 . 2 美国能源律师协会 (EBA) 于 2016 年 9 月 5 日访问。3 英国能源法律和政策协会于 2016 年 9 月 5 日访问。VC The Authors 2016。牛津大学出版社代表 AIPN 出版。版权所有。346 Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 2016, 9, 346–356 doi: 10.1093/jwelb/jww025 杜德大学于 2016 年 10 月 7 日发表的文章 htp://jw elb.oxfourals.org/ D ow nlad来自学者和实践者。这种混合的选区与“美国能源律师协会”的选区形成鲜明对比，后者直接植根于私人实践。值得注意的是，英国还有其他几个与能源相关的协会，但这些协会将特定能源作为其重点：例如，核能和石油。我们的方法是采用能源律师协会报告的结构，比较两个司法管辖区之间的能源法教育。本文首先对能源法在各自司法管辖区的含义进行了一些思考，并指出了英国方法的不同之处（第 2 节）。然后概述了英国的能源法奖学金，探索它是什么以及它是如何发展的（第 3 节）。在讨论能源法领域的意识在英国是如何发展的（第 5 部分）之前，它继续检查提供能源法课程的目的是什么（第 4 部分）。在此背景下，它详细介绍了通过以大学为基础的能源法中心的出现，其机构扩张；新能源法方案；环境和气候变化法中心；新的学术职位；以及该专业领域的学术和从业者活动。下面是能量法教学的简要总结以及可用的程序和模块（第 6 节）。倒数第二部分侧重于能源法教育如何与从业者互动并提供一些前进的途径（第 7 部分）。最后，它着眼于未来，特别考虑了美国评论得出的结论及其与英国能源法教育和实践定位的相关性。2 . 什么能量法？英国学术界几乎没有反思能源法究竟是什么。这并不罕见。对能源法中的许多关键文本进行简要审查，无论它们是针对澳大利亚、欧盟还是美国，都会发现很少有人详细说明能源法是什么。确实，许多关于能源法的一般文本都在第二版或第三版（甚至更新版）中，实际上并没有参与辩论。即使在少数例外情况中，作者也只是通过参与讨论的方式将其插入到以后的版本中（即在第二版、第三版或第四版中）。在这方面，美国审查为反思过程提供了一些指导或至少是一个起点。它将能源法描述为“一套多方面的法规、法规以及联邦和州政策，用于管理能源资源和能源相关设施的开发和使用以及这些设施的服务定价”。能源法涵盖“用于生产能源的自然资源的开发、项目融资和其他与能源设施开发相关的融资结构，向消费者可靠的能源运输和输送，向公众提供能源服务的监管和定价，州和联邦政策的发展，以促进或阻止使用特定类型的能源资源，国内和能源的制定和运营世界市场促进从石油到天然气到电力等资源的有效定价和分配，以及促进民众有效利用能源的政策。4 这是由国际核律师协会的英国小组牵头，于 2016 年 9 月 5 日访问。5 这是由国际石油谈判者协会 (AIPN) 的英国小组牵头，于 2016 年 9 月 5 日访问。 6 关于什么能源法的早期学术文献似乎起源于澳大利亚，例如：A Bradbrook，“作为学术学科的能源法” (1996) 14(2) 能源和自然资源法杂志，193–217。7 读者会发现有 12-15 部关于能源法的关键文本，并且大部分集中在这些国家——美国、欧盟和澳大利亚——尽管其他国家越来越多。8 例如，在 J Eisen 等人，能源、经济和环境：案例和材料（第 4 版，基金会出版社 2015 年）；然而，在 SB Zellmer 和 JG Laitos 的第一版自然资源法（West Academic Publishing 2014）中。然而，应该指出的是，在 Roggenkamp 等人的《欧洲能源法》（第 3 版，OUP 2016）中，对能源法是什么进行了非常简短的讨论，并且在每个版本中都是如此，但讨论非常有限的。9 美国能量棒协会 (n 1) 220。10 同上。