ABSTRACT Despite increased interest in environmental crime and green criminology, few studies address the use of criminal penalties in response to environmental crimes. A handful of published examples employ data from the United States or the Flanders court system, and little is known about how other nations punish environmental violations. Addressing this issue, the current study examined the use of criminal environmental penalties in Ireland from 2004 to 2014. Few criminal environmental cases (N = 147) and few environmental offenders (N = 154) were represented in these data over time. Consistent with the expectations of green/environmental crime researchers, mean penalties for environmental violations, which in Ireland only include fines and investigative cost recovery penalties, were rather small. Unlike in the US or Flanders, the majority of offenders were corporate offenders as opposed to individuals. Contextual factors related to Ireland’s economy, history and use of criminal sanctions should be used to interpret these factors, and prevent generalising from these data.

中文翻译：

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爱尔兰的环境犯罪起诉，2004-2014 年

摘要 尽管对环境犯罪和绿色犯罪学的兴趣越来越大，但很少有研究涉及使用刑事处罚来应对环境犯罪。少数已发表的例子使用了美国或法兰德斯法院系统的数据，而对其他国家如何惩罚违反环境的行为知之甚少。为了解决这个问题，当前的研究调查了 2004 年至 2014 年爱尔兰对环境刑事处罚的使用情况。随着时间的推移，这些数据中很少涉及环境刑事案件（N = 147）和环境违法者（N = 154）。与绿色/环境犯罪研究人员的预期一致，对环境违法行为的平均处罚（在爱尔兰仅包括罚款和调查成本回收处罚）相当小。与美国或法兰德斯不同，大多数罪犯是公司罪犯，而不是个人。应使用与爱尔兰经济、历史和刑事制裁使用相关的背景因素来解释这些因素，并防止对这些数据进行概括。