The increasing frequency and intensity of disasters has made resilient and sustainable urban systems a primary goal for cities around the world. According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (Wallemacq and House, 2018), climate-related and geophysical disasters have caused $2.9 trillion in direct economic losses over the past 20 years, a 151% rise from the previous 20-year period. Such catastrophes also push 26 million people into poverty annually.

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城市抵御外部冲击的能力：分析、建模和经济影响

灾害的频率和强度不断增加，使具有弹性和可持续性的城市系统成为世界各地城市的主要目标。根据联合国减少灾害风险办公室（Wallemacq 和 House，2018 年）的数据，过去 20 年气候相关和地球物理灾害造成了 2.9 万亿美元的直接经济损失，比前 20 年增加了 151%。此类灾难每年还使 2600 万人陷入贫困。