It is well-established that in vitro culture affects quality, gene expression, and epigenetic processes in bovine embryos and that trophectoderm cells are the most susceptible to abnormalities. These changes have been reported as the main factors responsible for losses observed after transfer of in vitro–produced embryos. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an in vitro system on bovine embryo transcriptional profiles on D14 of development. Two groups were used—one with embryos produced in vitro until D7 (day 7; VT group) and another with embryos produced in vivo by hormonal stimulation, with embryos collected on D7 (VV group). D7 embryos at similar developmental stages from both treatments were transferred to recipient uteri and recollected on D14. From D14 embryos of both treatments, trophoblast samples were removed by biopsy for sexing and transcriptome analyses. Embryos were sexed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and only males were used for RNA sequencing. In total, 29,005 transcripts were expressed, from which 900 were differentially expressed, but only 29 genes were significantly differentially expressed. In addition, 20 genes were found uniquely for VV and 27 for VT. These findings suggested that although the uterine environment minimized transcriptional differences, it was not able to make trophoblasts from the in vitro embryos similar to the in vivo ones. The few genes exhibiting differences are in control of important events that may be responsible for embryonic losses occurring during the first period of gestation.

众所周知，体外培养会影响牛胚胎的质量、基因表达和表观遗传过程，并且滋养外胚层细胞最容易出现异常。据报道，这些变化是造成体外转移后观察到的损失的主要因素——产生了胚胎。本研究旨在调查体外系统对牛胚胎转录谱对 D14 发育的影响。使用了两组——一组在 D7 前体外产生胚胎（第 7 天；VT 组），另一组通过激素刺激在体内产生胚胎，在 D7 收集胚胎（VV 组）。来自两种处理的处于相似发育阶段的 D7 胚胎被转移到受体子宫并在 D14 被重新收集。从两种处理的 D14 胚胎中，通过活检取出滋养层样本用于性别鉴定和转录组分析。通过聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 对胚胎进行性别鉴定，并且仅使用雄性进行 RNA 测序。总共表达了 29,005 个转录本，其中 900 个差异表达，但只有 29 个基因显着差异表达。此外，发现了 20 个独特的 VV 基因和 27 个 VT。这些发现表明，尽管子宫环境使转录差异最小化，但它不能从体外胚胎中制造出与体内胚胎相似的滋养层。少数表现出差异的基因控制着重要事件，这些事件可能导致妊娠第一期胚胎丢失。