The research of the microbiological air quality of a building considered a human historical and cultural heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization is fundamental for preventive conservation action, mainly because it identifies cultivable fungal species around the collections and suggests the appropriate treatment choice. This study investigated the air microbiological parameters inside the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Church and identified the population of airborne fungi. Sixty filamentous fungal isolates were detected with ten distinct taxa. The counts of colony forming units (CFUs) performed at 10 different points were in accordance with Brazilian legislation. In addition, the presence of two fungal species was detected colonizing artworks covered with gold leaves: Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus versicolor. Air quality monitoring inside the church was in accordance with the required Brazilian legislation standards. The composition of the filamentous fungal community included the presence of human fungal pathogens; for this reason, the use of personal protective equipment was recommended during the restoration work. Thus, characterization of the air microbiological parameters helps to preserve not only the building’s collection, but also the health of the faithful, conservators-restorers, tourists, and researchers.

联合国教育、科学及文化组织对一座被联合国教育、科学及文化组织视为人类历史和文化遗产遗址的建筑物的微生物空气质量进行研究是预防性保护行动的基础，主要是因为它确定了收藏品周围可培养的真菌物种，并提出了适当的建议治疗选择。这项研究调查了 Nossa Senhora da Conceição 教堂内的空气微生物参数，并确定了空气传播真菌的数量。检测到 60 株丝状真菌分离株和 10 种不同的分类群。在 10 个不同点进行的菌落形成单位 (CFU) 计数符合巴西法律。此外，在覆盖着金叶的艺术品上检测到两种真菌物种的存在：Cladosporium cladosporioides和Aspergillus versicolor。教堂内的空气质量监测符合巴西法规要求。丝状真菌群落的组成包括人类真菌病原体的存在；因此，建议在修复工作期间使用个人防护设备。因此，空气微生物参数的表征不仅有助于保护建筑物的收藏，而且有助于信徒、保护者-修复者、游客和研究人员的健康。