3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) represents an economically important platform compound from which a panel of bulk chemicals can be derived. Compared with petroleum-dependent chemical synthesis, bioproduction of 3-HP has attracted more attention due to utilization of renewable biomass. This review outlines bacterial production of 3-HP, covering aspects of host strains (e.g., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), metabolic pathways, key enzymes, and hurdles hindering high-level production. Inspired by the state-of-the-art advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, we come up with protocols to overcome the hurdles constraining 3-HP production. The protocols range from rewiring of metabolic networks, alleviation of metabolite toxicity, to dynamic control of cell size and density. Especially, this review highlights the substantial contribution of microbial growth to 3-HP production, as we recognize the synchronization between cell growth and 3-HP formation. Accordingly, we summarize the following growth-promoting strategies: (i) optimization of fermentation conditions; (ii) construction of gene circuits to alleviate feedback inhibition; (iii) recruitment of RNA polymerases to overexpress key enzymes which in turn boost cell growth and 3-HP production. Lastly, we propose metabolic engineering approaches to simplify downstream separation and purification. Overall, this review aims to portray a picture of bacterial production of 3-HP.

3-羟基丙酸 (3-HP) 是一种经济上重要的平台化合物，可以从中衍生出一组大宗化学品。与依赖石油的化学合成相比，3-HP 的生物生产由于可再生生物质的利用而受到更多关注。本综述概述了 3-HP 的细菌产生，涵盖宿主菌株（例如，大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌）的各个方面)、代谢途径、关键酶和阻碍高水平生产的障碍。受到代谢工程和合成生物学最先进进展的启发，我们提出了克服限制 3-HP 生产障碍的方案。协议范围从代谢网络的重新布线、代谢物毒性的减轻到细胞大小和密度的动态控制。特别是，这篇综述强调了微生物生长对 3-HP 生产的重大贡献，因为我们认识到细胞生长和 3-HP 形成之间的同步。因此，我们总结了以下促进生长的策略：（i）发酵条件的优化；(ii) 构建基因回路以减轻反馈抑制；(iii) 募集 RNA 聚合酶以过度表达关键酶，进而促进细胞生长和 3-HP 生产。最后，我们提出代谢工程方法来简化下游分离和纯化。总的来说，这篇综述旨在描绘 3-HP 细菌产生的图片。