Many restoration projects rely on invasive plant removal to restore ecosystems. However, success of restoration efforts relying on invasive removal can be jeopardized, because in addition to displacing native plants, invasives can also dramatically impact soils. Many studies have documented invasives’ effects on soil chemistry and microbiota. While European beachgrass [Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link] is a worldwide invasive problem in coastal dunes outside northern Europe, little attention has been paid to effects of this species on soil chemistry following invasion, even though it establishes persistent, dense monocultures. In our study, we evaluated effects of A. arenaria invasion on soil chemistry of coastal dunes at Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS); persistence of effects following removal by mechanical or herbicide treatment (legacy effects); and effects of treatment independent of invasion. Dune restoration efforts at PRNS have met with mixed success, especially in herbicide-treated backdunes, where decomposition of dead A. arenaria has been greatly delayed. Based on results, invasion impacted 74% of 19 variables assessed, although there was a significant interaction in many cases with successional status (earlier vs. later). Almost 60% of invasion effects persisted after restoration, with legacy effects prevalent in herbicide-treated backdunes where sand deposition from adjacent beaches could not mitigate effects as it could in herbicide-treated foredunes. Mechanical removal—or inversion of invaded surface soils with less-contaminated subsoils—resulted in fewer legacy effects, but more treatment effects, primarily in backdunes. Soil chemistry may decelerate decomposition of A. arenaria due to the limited nitrogen (N) available to enable microbial breakdown of the high carbon(C):N (70.8:1) material, but microbial factors probably play a more important role. Success of restoration at PRNS may not be fully realized until legacy effects are resolved through additional actions such as inoculation with healthy microbiomes or necromass reduction through controlled burning.

中文翻译：

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Ammophila arearia 的入侵改变了土壤化学，对加利福尼亚恢复的沿海沙丘留下了持久的遗产影响

许多恢复项目依靠移除入侵植物来恢复生态系统。然而，依赖侵入性清除的恢复工作的成功可能会受到损害，因为除了取代本地植物外，侵入性植物还会显着影响土壤。许多研究记录了入侵物对土壤化学和微生物群的影响。而欧洲沙滩草 [沙棘(L.) Link] 是北欧以外沿海沙丘的一个全球性入侵问题，尽管该物种建立了持久、密集的单一栽培，但很少有人关注该物种在入侵后对土壤化学的影响。在我们的研究中，我们评估了A. 槟榔雷耶斯角国家海岸（PRNS）沿海沙丘土壤化学入侵；通过机械或除草剂处理去除后的影响持续存在（遗留影响）；以及独立于侵袭的治疗效果。PRNS 的沙丘恢复工作取得了喜忧参半的成功，特别是在经过除草剂处理的沙丘中，死者分解A. 槟榔被大大耽误了。根据结果​​，入侵影响了评估的 19 个变量中的 74%，尽管在许多情况下与继承状态（较早与较晚）存在显着的相互作用。近 60% 的入侵影响在恢复后仍然存在，遗留影响在经过除草剂处理的后沙丘中普遍存在，其中邻近海滩的沙子沉积不能像在除草剂处理的前沙丘中那样减轻影响。机械清除——或用较少污染的底土反转侵入的地表土壤——导致较少的遗留影响，但更多的处理效果，主要是在后沙。土壤化学可能会减缓A. 槟榔由于可用于微生物分解高碳 (C):N (70.8:1) 材料的氮 (N) 有限，​​但微生物因素可能发挥更重要的作用。PRNS 恢复的成功可能无法完全实现，直到通过额外的行动解决遗留影响，例如接种健康微生物群或通过控制燃烧减少坏死物质。