The literature on the relationship between government funding and private donations finds evidence of both crowd-out (a reduction in private donations due to the receipt of government funding) and crowd-in (increased donations rather than a reduction). This study uses organizational-level data and information regarding funding from multiple levels of government in Canada to provide an important contribution to the literature, which has traditionally relied upon aggregated measures of government funding. Results from dynamic panel estimations suggest that effects vary by type of charity and level of government funding source, with some subsectors displaying crowd-in, some crowd-out, and some both phenomenon depending on the level of government providing funding. These findings encourage more research into the context and variation involved in crowd-out, raising practical and theoretical questions about whether a uniform effect across subsectors or level of government funding should be expected.

中文翻译：

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寻找你的人群：政府层面和慈善类型在收入挤出中的作用

关于政府资助和私人捐赠之间关系的文献发现了挤出（由于收到政府资助而导致私人捐赠减少）和挤入（增加而不是减少）的证据。本研究使用组织层面的数据和有关加拿大多级政府资金的信息，为文献提供了重要贡献，文献传统上依赖于政府资金的汇总衡量标准。动态面板估计的结果表明，影响因慈善类型和政府资金来源水平而异，根据政府提供资金的水平，一些子行业表现出挤入、一些挤出和两种现象。