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Acute cardiovascular effects of controlled exposure to dilute Petrodiesel and biodiesel exhaust in healthy volunteers: a crossover study
Particle and Fibre Toxicology ( IF 10 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-14 , DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00412-3
Jon Unosson 1, 2 , Mikael Kabéle 1 , Christoffer Boman 3 , Robin Nyström 3 , Ioannis Sadiktsis 4 , Roger Westerholm 4 , Ian S Mudway 5 , Esme Purdie 5 , Jennifer Raftis 6 , Mark R Miller 7 , Nicholas L Mills 7, 8 , David E Newby 7 , Anders Blomberg 1 , Thomas Sandström 1, 9 , Jenny A Bosson 1
Affiliation  

Air pollution derived from combustion is associated with considerable cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality in addition to environmental effects. Replacing petrodiesel with biodiesel may have ecological benefits, but impacts on human health remain unquantified. The objective was to compare acute cardiovascular effects of blended and pure biodiesel exhaust exposure against known adverse effects of petrodiesel exhaust (PDE) exposure in human subjects. In two randomized controlled double-blind crossover studies, healthy volunteers were exposed to PDE or biodiesel exhaust for one hour. In study one, 16 subjects were exposed, on separate occasions, to PDE and 30% rapeseed methyl ester biodiesel blend (RME30) exhaust, aiming at PM10 300 μg/m3. In study two, 19 male subjects were separately exposed to PDE and exhaust from a 100% RME fuel (RME100) using similar engine load and exhaust dilution. Generated exhaust was analyzed for physicochemical composition and oxidative potential. Following exposure, vascular endothelial function was assessed using forearm venous occlusion plethysmography and ex vivo thrombus formation was assessed using a Badimon chamber model of acute arterial injury. Biomarkers of inflammation, platelet activation and fibrinolysis were measured in the blood. In study 1, PDE and RME30 exposures were at comparable PM levels (314 ± 27 μg/m3; (PM10 ± SD) and 309 ± 30 μg/m3 respectively), whereas in study 2, the PDE exposure concentrations remained similar (310 ± 34 μg/m3), but RME100 levels were lower in PM (165 ± 16 μg/m3) and PAHs, but higher in particle number concentration. Compared to PDE, PM from RME had less oxidative potential. Forearm infusion of the vasodilators acetylcholine, bradykinin, sodium nitroprusside and verapamil resulted in dose-dependent increases in blood flow after all exposures. Vasodilatation and ex vivo thrombus formation were similar following exposure to exhaust from petrodiesel and the two biodiesel formulations (RME30 and RME100). There were no significant differences in blood biomarkers or exhaled nitric oxide levels between exposures. Despite differences in PM composition and particle reactivity, controlled exposure to biodiesel exhaust was associated with similar cardiovascular effects to PDE. We suggest that the potential adverse health effects of biodiesel fuel emissions should be taken into account when evaluating future fuel policies. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01337882 /NCT01883466. Date of first enrollment March 11, 2011, registered April 19, 2011, i.e. retrospectively registered.

中文翻译:

健康志愿者受控接触稀释石油柴油和生物柴油废气的急性心血管影响:一项交叉研究

除了环境影响之外,燃烧产生的空气污染还与相当大的心肺疾病发病率和死亡率有关。用生物柴油替代石化柴油可能具有生态效益,但对人类健康的影响仍然无法量化。目的是比较混合和纯生物柴油废气暴露对人类受试者的急性心血管影响与石化柴油废气 (PDE) 暴露的已知不利影响。在两项随机对照双盲交叉研究中,健康志愿者暴露于 PDE 或生物柴油废气一小时。在研究一中,16 名受试者在不同的场合暴露于 PDE 和 30% 菜籽甲酯生物柴油混合物 (RME30) 废气中,目标是 PM10 300 μg/m3。在研究二中,19 名男性受试者分别暴露于 PDE 和来自 100% RME 燃料 (RME100) 的废气,使用类似的发动机负载和废气稀释。对产生的废气进行物理化学成分和氧化电位分析。暴露后,使用前臂静脉闭塞体积描记法评估血管内皮功能,并使用急性动脉损伤的Badimon室模型评估离体血栓形成。测量血液中炎症、血小板活化和纤维蛋白溶解的生物标志物。在研究 1 中,PDE 和 RME30 暴露量处于可比的 PM 水平(分别为 314 ± 27 μg/m3;(PM10 ± SD)和 309 ± 30 μg/m3),而在研究 2 中,PDE 暴露浓度保持相似(310 ± 34 μg/m3),但 PM(165 ± 16 μg/m3)和 PAH 中的 RME100 水平较低,但颗粒数浓度较高。与 PDE 相比,RME 中的 PM 的氧化潜力较低。前臂输注血管扩张剂乙酰胆碱、缓激肽、硝普钠和维拉帕米导致所有暴露后血流量呈剂量依赖性增加。暴露于石油柴油和两种生物柴油配方(RME30 和 RME100)的废气后,血管舒张和离体血栓形成相似。两次暴露之间的血液生物标志物或呼出的一氧化氮水平没有显着差异。尽管 PM 成分和颗粒反应性存在差异,但控制接触生物柴油废气与 PDE 会产生类似的心血管影响。我们建议在评估未来的燃料政策时应考虑生物柴油燃料排放对健康的潜在不利影响。ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT01337882 /NCT01883466。首次入学日期2011年3月11日,注册日期2011年4月19日,即补注册。
更新日期:2021-06-15
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