Electroencephalographic (EEG)-neurofeedback training (NFT) is a promising technique that supports individuals in learning to modulate their brain activity to obtain cognitive and behavioral improvements. EEG-NFT is gaining increasing attention for its potential “peak performance” applications on healthy individuals. However, evidence for clear cognitive performance enhancements with healthy adults is still lacking. In particular, whether EEG-NFT represents an effective technique for enhancing healthy adults' executive functions is still controversial. Therefore, the main objective of this systematic review is to assess whether the existing EEG-NFT studies targeting executive functions have provided reliable evidence for NFT effectiveness. To this end, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the literature since the limited number of retrieved studies did not allow us meta-analytical comparisons. Moreover, a second aim was to identify optimal frequencies as NFT targets for specifically improving executive functions. Overall, our systematic review provides promising evidence for NFT effectiveness in boosting healthy adults' executive functions. However, more rigorous NFT studies are required in order to overcome the methodological weaknesses that we encountered in our qualitative analysis.

中文翻译：

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健康成年人的脑电图神经反馈和执行功能增强：系统评价

脑电图（EEG）-神经反馈训练（NFT）是一种很有前途的技术，它支持个人学习调节大脑活动以获得认知和行为改善。EEG-NFT 因其对健康个体的潜在“峰值性能”应用而受到越来越多的关注。然而，仍然缺乏健康成年人认知能力明显增强的证据。特别是，EEG-NFT 是否代表了增强健康成年人执行功能的有效技术仍存在争议。因此，本次系统评价的主要目的是评估现有针对执行功能的 EEG-NFT 研究是否为 NFT 有效性提供了可靠的证据。为此，我们对文献进行了定性分析，因为检索到的研究数量有限，不允许我们进行荟萃分析比较。此外，第二个目标是确定最佳频率作为 NFT 目标，以专门改善执行功能。总体而言，我们的系统评价为 NFT 在增强健康成年人的执行功能方面的有效性提供了有希望的证据。然而，为了克服我们在定性分析中遇到的方法论弱点，需要更严格的 NFT 研究。